Ci. 


Bk. 


TEACHERS’  COLLECTION 


TRINITY  COLLEGE  LIBRARY 

DURHAM,  N.  C. 

Rac’d  A?A±S  ML 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/geographyreaders51  wins 


GEOGRAPHY  READERS— V 


DISTAI^T  COUNTRIES 


ASIA,  AFRICA 
AUSTRALIA 


BY 

I.  O.  WINSLOW 


cL^ 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. 

D.  C.  HEATH  & CO.,  PUBLISHERS 

1910 


WINSLOW’S 

GEOGUAPIIY  LEADERS 


Tiir  Eahtii  and  Its  Peoim.r 
The  United  States 
Our  American  NEicnnons 
Europe 

Distant  Countries 


Copyright,  1010,  dv 

D.  C.  HEATH  A C^O. 


PREFACE 


The  purjDose  of  tins  series  is  to  occupy  niicUlle  ground 
between  the  customary  text-books  and  geographical  I’eaders, 
and  to  combine  the  essential  advantages  of  both. 

The  two  extremes,  whether  employed  separately  or  to- 
gether, fail  to  meet  the  practical  needs  of  the  average  school- 
room. The  text-books  adhere  to  the  scientific  method,  at  a 
sacrifice  of  the  practical  or  pedagogical  method.  The  teacher 
finds  it  difficult  either  to  assign  a definite  lesson  for  study 
from  the  books  or  to  use  them  for  class  exercises  in  reading 
and  discussion.  In  their  completeness  the  text-books  con- 
tain so  much  that  selection  is  difficult,  and  the  attempt  to 
teach  the  whole  is  disastrous. 

Geographical  readers,  in  the  form  of  stories  of  travel, 
go  so  far  to  the  other  extreme  that  they  also  fall  outside 
of  the  daily  task  of  the  geography  teacher.  Courses  of 
study  very  properly  call  for  definite  concepts  and  facts. 
After  serious  attention  has  been  given  to  these,  there  is  but 
little  time  to  spare  in  the  regular  curriculum  for  lighter 
reading. 

There  is  need  of  books  that  shall  select  the  essentials  and 
set  them  forth  in  such  an  explicit  and  straightforward  man- 
ner that  they  may  be  easily  used,  both  for  preparatory  read- 
ing and  for  study  and  recitation.  It  is  the  design  of  these 
books  to  supply  that  want.  Since  they  occupy  a unique 
position,  they  should  not  be  judged  according  to  - existing 
standards,  Imt  according  to  practical  needs. 

Care  bas  been  taken  to  make  the  series  genuinely  progres- 
sive. Each  book  builds  upon  the  foundation  laid  in  previous 


111 


IV 


PREFA.CE 


books.  Suck  topics  as  have  been  treated  in  earlier  books  are 
omitted,  or  brielly  mentioned  for  the  purpose  of  review,  or 
ti-eated  from  a more  mature  standpoint.  In  choice  of  words 
and  style  there  is  a gradual  advancement  through  the  series 
corresponding  to  tlie  advancing  ability  of  pupils  of  the 
several  grades. 

Unusual  attention  has  been  given  to  the  industrial  and 
commercial  aspects  of  the  subject,  in  the  belief  that  these 
are  of  fundamental  importance  and  of  natural  interest  to 
clnldren.  Tlie  fact  that  political  geography,  or  the  geog- 
ra])hy  of  locations,  is  wrought  out  in  close  connection  with 
such  industrial  and  commercial  development  renders  it  more 
significant  and  more  easily  remembered. 

Topics  of  fundamental  importance  are  fully  explained  in 
the  text,  but  many  minor  points,  which  may  be  easily  ascer- 
tained or  inferred  by  pupils,  are  reserved  and  given  at  the 
end  of  each  chapter,  either  in  the  form  of  questions  or  brief 
statements  accompanied  by  questions.  These  exercises, 
supplemented  by  map  sketching  and  other  work  that  is 
here  and  there  suggested,  will  provide  definite  lessons  for 
the  study  period,  Avhich  many  teachers  find  it  difficult  to 
arrange. 

The  review  questions  relate  to  j^rincipal  points  explained 
in  tlie  text,  and  may  be  employed  either  for  the  daily  assign- 
ment of  lessons  or  for  occasional  review.  It  is  believed  that 
these  questions,  together  with  the  exercises  given  in  connec- 
tion with  each  chapter,  include  as  much  as  pupils  of  ele- 
mentary grades  should  be  expected  to  learn. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Asia 1 

Siberia  10 

Turkey  in  Asia  16 

Arabia,  I’ersia,  and  Afghanistan  . . . . . . .26 

India  3.5 

Indufstries  and  Cities  of  India  ........  45 

Review  . .54 

China 58 

Chinese  Industries 68 

Remote  Provinces  and  Smaller  Countries 79 

Jaiian  ............  84 

Africa  .............  101 

Egypt  ........  ....  107 

Northern  Africa  ..........  116 

The  Desert  of  Sahara  . . . . . . . . .12.3 

The  Sudan 129 

Central  Africa 139 

Southern  Africa  ..........  150 

Australia  ............  165 

Large  Islands  of  the  Pacific  . . . . . . . .174 

Small  Islands  of  the  Pacific  ........  181 

Review  .............  185 

Appendix  ............  188 

Population  and  Areas  . 188 

Index  and  Pronouncing  Vocabulara'  ......  190 


LIST  OF  MAPS 

i>Ar,E 

f'oAiMF.iiciAi,  IMai’  of  tiik  Wokli)  (col(ir(>(I)  . . . facing  1 

Asia  (colored)  ...........  4-5 

Africa  (colored)  ...........  105 

Austrama  (colored)  ..........  107 


VI 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


DISTANT  COUNTPJES 


Our  interest  in  the  study  of  geography  lies  first  in 
onr  own  country,  and  after  that  in  the  countries  most 
nearly  related  to  us.  Although  Europe  is  separated 
from  America  by  the  broad  Atlantic,  a very  large  pro- 
portion of  the  American  people  are  familiar  with  that 
continent,  and  hold  it  in  high  esteem,  because  it  is  either 
their  own  former  home  or  the  home  of  their  ancestors. 

To  some  people  the  more  distant  lands  seem  less 
important,  because  they  are  far  away,  and  have  not 
reached  the  degree  of  civilization  that  is  common  in 
Europe  and  America. 

At  the  present  time,  however,  these  conditions  are 
rapidly  changing.  Nations  of  the  Far  East  are  surpris- 
ing the  world  by  the  rapidity  of  their  progress.  The 
fact  that  we  ourselves  have  come  into  possession  of  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  in  the  midst  of  the  Pacific,  and  of 
the  Pliilippines,  thousands  of  miles  farther  away,  has 
made  the  opposite  side  of  the  earth  seem  much  nearer 
than  before.  At  the  same  time  a great  increase  in 
commerce  between  our  shores  and  remote  regions  has 
rendered  these  of  greater  practical  interest  to  us. 

I . Asia 

We  often  think  of  Asia  as  situated  fav  to  the  east, 
beyond  the  continent  of  Europe.  We  forget  that  it 
reaches  so  far  around  the  earth  that  it  almost  touches 
our  northwestern  possessions.  It  is  only  about  fifty 

1 


2 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


miles  from  the  farthest  point  of  Alaska,  across  Bering 
Strait,  to  the  Asiatic  coast. 

Asia  is  tlie  large.st  of  the  continents.  It  has  more 
territory  than  North  America  and  Sontli  America 
combined.  It  contains  nearly  one  third  of  all  the  land 


In  the  Heart  of  the  Himalayas 

surface  of  the  earth.  In  longitude  it  reaches  from  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  to  Bering  Strait,  a distance  of  six 
thonsand  miles.  In  latitude  it  extends  from  the  trop- 
ical regions  near  the  equator  to  a point  within  a few 
decrrees  of  the  North  Pole. 

O 

In  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  this  great  con- 
tinent are  vast  plains,  but  in  the  central  and  southern 
portions  are  the  highest  mountains  in  the  world.  Even 
the  plateaus  among  these  mountains  are  higher  above  the 
sea-  than  the  highest  peaks  of  many  mountain  ranges. 


ASIA 


3 


The  mountains  of  Asia  are  of  more  recent  formation 
than  many  mountain  systems.  The  crust  of  that  part 


;ToboIsk 


i^KEST/ 


Kuenh 


,^qha_. 


STAN 


of  Aden 


ASIA 


1000 


Madras 


Scale  of  Statute  3Iiles 
Capitals  of  Countries;  © 
Other  Places:  • 

Principal  Railways;. 

Proposed  Railways: 


• CEYL( 


(^•Comorin 


Colombol 


TwE  M.-N.  W0BK5 


70®  Lorfgitade  West  80®  from  G 


lyuskiry~^\  NEW  SI^ERIAV^ 
. \l-  I'Va  \ ISLANDS^ 


I ARCT\C 


ar]iA- 


Liiknu 


SaukAyJ* 


wMaidalaMy 


130‘ 


0 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


of  the  earth  is  still  slowly  l)eii(ling,  and  this  causes  the 
mountains  and  the  islands  neai'  the  coast  to  rise  slowly. 
As  the  crust  breaks  and  slips  from  time  to  time  there 
are  violent  eartlnpiakes,  especially  among  the  islands. 

Throughout  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  Asia 
the  extremes  of  temperature  are  not  much  modified  hy 
the  sea.  In  the  north  the  summers  are  warm,  but  very 
short,  and  the  winters  extremely  cold.  At  a point  on 
the  Lena  River,  near  the  Arctic  Circle,  the  average 
temperature  in  January  is  about  sixty  degrees  l.)elow 
zero.  This  is  a lower  temperature  than  is  found  in  any 
other  part  of  the  known  world,  and  that  point  may  be 
called  the  Cold  Pole  of  the  earth.  In  central  Asia  the 
summers  are  warm,  but  the  great  elevation  of  the  land 
ca-uses  the  winters  to  be  very  cold.  South  of  the  lofty 
TTimalaya  Mountains  the  land  descends  to  a low  plain, 
and  the  cliimite  is  tropical. 

A large  part  of  central  Asia  has  -a  very  dry  climate, 
'fihis  region  is  far  from  the  ocean,  and  is  surrounded  by 
mountains  that  withdraw^  the  moisture  from  the  winds 
before  they  reach  the  interior. 

The  Avinds  of  southern  Asia  are  called  monsoons. 
Their  cause  is  similar  to  that  of  the  land  and  sea  breezes 
that  l)low  along  many  shores.  In  summer  the  monsoons 
blow  toward  the  land,  and  in  Avinter  from  the  land 
toAvard  the  sea.  Duriim'  the  Avarm  summer  the  land 

O 

and  the  air  alcove  it  become  heated.  Cooler  currents 
of  air  from  the  sea  then  move  toward  the  shore  and 
pass  under  the  AA’armer  and  lighter  currents.  In  Avinter 
the  reverse  occurs.  The  laud  is  then  cooler  than  the 
ocean,  anil  there  are  ui>AAvard  currents  of  Avarm  air  over 


ASIA 


7 


the  ocean,  and  beneath  them  colder  currents  that  come 
from  the  land.  These  monsoons  have  a marked  effect 
upon  the  climate  of  southern  and  southeastern  Asia  and 
upon  the  desirability  of  those  regions  for  habitation. 

More  than  one  half  of  all  the  people  of  the  world  live 
in  Asia.  This  is  not  because  of  the  great  size  of  that 
continent,  large  portions  of  which  are  so  uudesiral^le 


Scene  on  the  Plains  of  Northern  Asia 


that  they  have  few  inhalDitauts.  About  six  sevenths  of 
the  population  live  in  the  coastal  sections  of  the  south 
and  east.  In  those  regions  the  soil  in  the  great  river 
valleys  is  very  fertile  and  the  monsoons  bring  an 
aljundant  supply  of  rain.  These  conditions  render 
it  possible  for  a dense  population  to  support  itself. 

Under  such  favorable  circumstances  some  of  the 
earliest  peoples  who  dwelt  in  that  part  of  the  world 
increased  vastly  in  numbers  and  made  great  advance- 
ment in  civilization.  Many  of  the  most  useful  arts  of 
our  own  time  were  discovered  and  practiced  by  the 
ancient  people  of  Asia. 


8 


]:>ISTANT  COUNTRIES 


It  has  often  Ijeen  an  advantage  to  a people,  when 
rising  from  Ijarbarisin,  to  Ije  situated  where  distinUance 
conld  not  come  from  ueigldjoring  peoples.  It  was  not 
the  Indians  who  lived  in  the  most  open  ami  fertile  parts 

of  America 
that  made  the 
greatest  prog- 
ress, l)iit  those 
w Ii  o could 
not  easily  be 
reached  by  hos- 
tile tril)es.  So, 
in  Asia,  it 
was  the  people 
whose  conn- 
trie  s were 
1)  o u n (1  e d Ijy 
m o n n t a i n s , 
seas,  or  deserts 
that  attained 
the  higliest  civ- 
ilization. In 
Asia,  in  o r e - 
had  the  added 

It  is  generally  lielieved  that  long  ago  the  ancestors 
of  most  of  the  present  Europeans  emigrated  from  Asia. 
Some  of  them  are  supposed  to  have  come  from  the  high- 
lands of  central  Asia.  That  is  now  a very  desolate 
region,  l)ut  there  is  reason  for  believing  that  in  ancient 
times  the  climate  was  much  better  than  it  is  now. 


Copyright  by  Underwood  & T^iiderwood,  N.Y. 

Primitive  Life  in  the  Early  Home  of  the  Aryans 

over,  the  regions  with  natural  harriers 
advantage  of  favoralde  soil  and  climate. 


ASIA 


9 


In  modern  times  the  peoples  of  Europe  have  far  out- 
stripped the  inhabitants  of  xAsia.  In  Europe  communi- 
cation among  the  different  countries  has  been  easier 
than  in  Asia.  Europeans  have  developed  naviga- 
tion and  have  ob- 
tained the  benefits 
of  intercourse  with 
the  entire  world. 

The  peoples  of  Asia 
have  been  inclined 
to  remain  in  a 
fixed  condition. 

Some  of  them 
have  relimous  scru- 

o 

pies  against  de- 
parting from  the 
custom  s of  the  past. 

The  govern- 
ments of  most 
Asiatic  countries 
have  been  absolute 
monarchies.  The  masses  of  the  people  have  had  but 
little  enlightenment.  They  are  mostly  divided  among 
four  great  religions,  called  Brahminism,  Buddhism, 
Confucianism,  and  Mohammedanism.  All  of  these 
have  some  influence  for  good,  but  they  teach  many 
notions  that  to  us  seem  mysterious  or  absurd. 

1.  Name  five  seas  tliat  border  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia. 

2.  Name  in  order  the  seas,  gulfs,  and  bays  south  of  Asia. 

3.  Name  the  large  rivers  of  Asia  that  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

4.  Name  three  rivers  that  belong  to  the  Pacific  slope. 

5.  Name  the  principal  rivers  that  flow  into  waters  south  of  .Asia. 


Great  Stone  Image  of  Buddha 


10 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


0.  I\It.  Everest,  a peak  of  the  Himalaya  IMountains,  is  the  highest 
mouutain  in  the  world.  In  what  part  of  Asia  is  it? 

7.  Name  the  countries  of  Asia. 

8.  What  country  near  the  easteni  coast  comsists  of  i.slands? 

.0.  How  does  the  iiopulation  of  Asia  compare  with  that  of  Europe? 
10.  Sketch  a map  of  Asia,  showing  the  mountain  ranges,  the  largest 
rivers,  and  the  boundaries  of  the  countries. 


Siberian  Mammoth 


2.  Siberia 

Tlie  portion  of  Asia  that  belongs  to  Eiissia  is  much 
larger  than  the  whole  of  the  United  States.  It  includes 
the  great  northern  country  known  as  Siberia,  and  sev- 
eral provinces  farther  south. 

In  its  surface  and  climate  Russia  in  Asia  is  much  like 
European  Russia.  It  is  a continuation  of  the  great 
plain  of  northern  and  central  Europe.  In  the  north  is 
the  tundra,  which  is  frozen  to  a great  depth.  Mosses 
and  lichens  grow  upon  the  surface  in  summer,  but  be- 
neath is  a mass  of  ice  that  is  nearly  four  hundred  feet 
thick  in  places.  In  this  frozen  mass  entire  bodies  of 
huge  animals  called  mammoths  have  been  found  with 


SIBERIA 


11 


their  flesh  perfectly  preserved,  though  they  must  have 
been  buried  in  the  frozen  tundra  for  thousands  of  years. 
Animals  such  as  these  can  live  only  in  a warm  climate, 
and  this  probably  indicates  that  the  Far  North  was  once 
warmer  than  it  is  now.  Much  fossil  ivory  from  the 
tusks  of  the  mammoths  has  been  found  in  Siberia,  show- 
ing that  great  numbers  of  them  once  lived  there. 

O O 


Mounted  Cossack,  Siberia 


These  cold  regions  are  inhabited  by  a few  scattered 
people,  most  of  whom  belong  to  the  Yellow^,  or  Mongo- 
lian, Race.  They  live  by  hunting  and  keep  reindeer  and 
dogs,  as  do  some  of  the  Eskimos  of  North  America. 

South  of  the  tundra  is  the  great  forest  belt,  and 
farther  south  are  the  broad  regions  of  fertile  lands  and 
the  arid  steppes. 

Siberia  is  very  sparsely  inhabited.  It  does  not  con- 
tain as  many  people  as  the  single  state  of  New  A^ork. 
Among  the  original  natives  are  the  Tartars  and  the 
Cossacks.  The  latter  are  very  fond  of  horses,  and  make 
up  the  greater  part  of  the  Russian  cavalry. 


12 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


'niere  are  many  people  in  Sil)eria  wlio  have  l)een 
sent  there  as  exiles  from  Russia  in  Enrope.  Great 
nmnhers  of  men  and  women,  who  have  been  accused 
of  criticising  the  government,  or  of  stirring  np  rebellion, 
have  been  arrested  and  transported  to  this  Ijleak  country 
hundreds  or  thousands  of  miles  from  their  liomes.  At 
]iresent,  liowever,  fewer  ^jeojde  are  exiled  than  formerly. 


Released  Convict  Village,  Siberia 


and  the  worst  criminals  are  sent  to  the  island  of  Sakha- 
lin, the  northern  part  of  which  belongs  to  Russia. 

Recently  many  Russians  and  others  have  gone  to 
Siberia  from  choice,  to  settle  there  and  take  advantage 
of  the  great  natural  resources  of  the  country.  The  land, 
however,  has  been  settled  slowly.  There  are  large 
tracts  of  fertile  soil,  immense  timber  forests,  and  mines 
of  Auiluable  metals,  l)ut  the  difficulty  and  expense  of 
reaching  desiral)le  ])oints  and  of  sending  products 
to  market  long  prevented  the  development  of  the 
count'w. 


SIBERIA 


13 


Russia  is  now  giving  great  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  its  Asiatic  possessions.  The  Trans-Siberian  Railroad 
was  built  by  the  government  entirely  across  Siberia.  This 
is  the  longest  continuous  line  of  railroad  in  the  world. 
It  reaches  from  St.  Petersburg  to  the  Pacific  coast,  a 
distance  of  six  thousand  miles,  about  five  thousand  of 
which  are  in  Siberia.  Settlements  are  springing  up  on 


Station  on  Trans-Siberian  Railroad,  Manchuria 


the  fertile  lands  along  the  line  of  this  and  other  railroads 
that  have  been  constructed.  Machinery  is  easily  imported, 
and  products  can  be  sent  to  market.  It  is  not  unusual  to 
see  at  railway  stations  in  Siberia  American-made  farm 
implements  and  other  manufactured  articles.  These  a.re 
shipped  from  our  Pacific  coast  to  ports  of  eastern  Asia. 

Lumbering  in  the  great  forests  has  become  an  impor- 
tant industry,  and  there  is  an  extensive  trade  in  furs. 

The  land  where  the  forests  have  been  cleared  away  is 
good  for  agriculture,  and  on  the  open  plain  immediately 
south  of  the  forests  there  is  generally  rain  enough  for 


14 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


farm  crops.  On  the  steppes,  still  farther  south,  herds 
of  live  stock  feed  upon  the  grasses  that  grow  in  the 
rainy  season  of  spring. 

In  the  province  of  Turkestan,  south  of  the  steppes, 
there  is  a sufficient  supply  of  moisture,  and  various 
farm  cro|)s  are  produced  tliere.  In  that  province  and 
the  provinces  farther  south  considerable  cotton  is  raised. 


Siberian  Tarantass 


A railroad  connecting  with  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
called  tlie  Trans-Caspian  Railroad,  has  been  built  to  aid 
in  the  development  of  the  region. 

A great  region  southwest  of  Siberia  is  known  as 
Central  Asia.  It  is  chielly  an  arid  desert  with  fertile 
spots  here  and  there.  The  central  portion  is  called  the 
Kirghiz  Steppes.  The  inhabitants  are  Tartar  herders, 
who  do  not  live  in  permanent  homes,  but  move  about 
with  their  horses,  camels,  sheep,  and  cattle. 

The  cities  and  towns  of  Asiatic  Russia  are,  of  course, 
few  and  widely  scattered.  The  most  important  city  is 
the  port  of  Vladivostok,  the  Pacific  terminus  of  the 


SIBERIA 


15 


Trans-Siberian  Railroad.  It  is  the  port  of  entrance  of 
eastern  Siberia,  and  has  been  provided  with  strong  forti- 
fications. Its  harbor  freezes  in  winter,  but  in  the  lack 
of  other  ports  on  the  Pacific  the  Russians  regard  it  as 
very  important.  On  account  of  the  development  of  the 
industries  of  Siberia,  the  trade  of  Vladivostok  is  rapidly 
increasing. 


Trans-Siberian  Railroad  Terminus,  Vladivostok 


Port  Arthur,  a seaport  farther  south,  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Russians,  but  they  lost  it  in  the  recent 
war  with  Japan. 

Irkutsk  is  regarded  as  the  capital  city  of  Siberia.  It 
has  long  been  the  center  of  caravan  trade  between  China 
and  Russia,  but  since  the  building  of  the  railroad  much 
of  this  trade  has  been  abandoned. 

1.  What  natural  boundaries  separate  Russia  in  Asia  from  Russia 
in  Europe? 

2.  What  ocean  and  seas  border  upon  Siberia? 

3.  What  islands  are  north  of  Siberia? 

4.  IVhere  is  the  peninsula  of  Kamchatka  ? 


16 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


").  islands  are  near  the  extremity  of  this  jieninsula? 

(i.  Where  is  the  island  of  Sakhalin? 

7.  What  are  the  three  largest  rivers  of  Siberia? 

8.  J^ake  Baikal  is  the  largest  fresh-water  lake  in  Asia.  In  what  part 
of  Siberia  is  it  ? 

!t.  Where  are  the  provinces  of  Bokhara  and  Khiva? 

10.  About  how 
much  farther  south 
is  Port  Arthur  than 
Vladivostok  ? 

11.  Considerable 
manufacturing  is 
done  at  Irkutsk  and 
Tomsk.  About  how 
far  apart  are  these 
towns? 

12.  Tashkend  is 
an  iinpoi’tant  town 
in  respect  to  trade 
and  inanufactui'ing. 
In  what  province  is 
it  situated  ? 

13.  Sketch  an 
outline  niajr  of  Sibe- 
ria, showing  the  chief 

Greek  Church,  Siberia  rivers,  towns,  and 

railroads. 


3.  Turkey  in  Asia 

The  territory  of  the  Turkish  Empire  in  Asia  is  ten 
times  as  large  as  the  part  of  Turkey  that  is  in  Europe. 
It  is  very  irregular  in  form.  Portions  of  it  have  special 
names  but  indefinite  limits. 

A large  section  in  the  form  of  a peninsula,  between 
tlie  Mediterranean  Sea  and  the  Black  Sea,  is  known  as 
Asia  Minor.  This  region  is  more  truly  the  home  of  the 
Turkish  people  than  Turkey  in  Europe.  It  was  from 
this  part  of  their  empire  that  they  crossed  to  Europe 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA 


17 


and  made  their  conquests.  East  of  Asia  Minor  are  the 
moLintainous  highlands  of  Kurdistan  and  Armenia.  A 
long,  narrow  country  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  IMedi- 
terranean  Sea  is  called  Syria.  A strip  drained  by  the 
Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers  has  the  name  jMesopotamia. 
Turkey  also  includes  the  Avestern,  south Avestern,  and 
northeastern  portions  of  the  great  peninsula  of  Arabia. 


Turkish  Abater  Carriers 


Asiatic  Turkey  is  mostly  coAmred  Avith  short  mountain 
ranges  and  plateaus.  The  climate  is  generally  very 
dry  except  along  the  coast,  Avhere  the  AA’inds  from  the 
seas  bring;  moisture. 

The  prevailing  conditions  among  the  people  resemlile 
those  existing  under  Turkish  rule  in  Europe.  Indus- 
tries are  in  a very  baclvAvard  state.  Much  of  the  Avork 
is  done  by  the  methods  that  Avere  used  iu  ancient  times. 
This  is  largely  because  the  region  has  been  repeatedly 
laid  Avaste  by  Avars,  and  one  nation  after  another  has 


18 


ASIA 


ruled  over  it.  The  Greeks  occupied  parts  of  Asia  Minor 
several  centuries  before  Christ.  After  them  came  the 
Romans,  and  then  tribes  of  Tartars  from  the  north 
gained  possession. 

Another  reason  for  want  of  progress  has  been  the 
])olicy  of  the  Turkish  government,  which  has  oppressed 
the  peo])le  by  taxation,  treated  them  with  crnelty,  and 
rendered  them  no  assistance  in  making  improvements. 


Ruins  of  Temple  of  Diana,  Ephesus 


Many  important  events  of  ancient  history  occurred  in 
Asia  Minor.  Ruins  of  cities  and  temples  that  have  been 
excavated  bear  witness  to  the  various  peoples  who  have 
dwelt  there. 

In  parts  of  this  region  there  is,  at  present,  a mixture 
of  many  races.  In  western  Asia  I\Iinor,  Turks,  Arme- 
nians, and  Kurds  have  long  been  in  almost  ceaseless 
conflict.  Tlie  Kurds  are  a branch  of  the  Yellow  Race. 
Tliey  have  lived  in  this  mountainons  district  for  many 
centnries.  More  than  two  thousand  years  ago  the 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA 


19 


Armenians  overcame  them,  but  the  Armenians  were 
afterward  conquered  l:)y  the  Turks. 

lu  Asia  Minor  the  soil  is  generally  very  fertile,  Imt 
on  account  of  )md  government  it  produces  less  than  in 
ancient  times.  The  farmers  live  in  villages  as  in  some 
countries  of  Europe,  and  many  of  the  farms  are  long  dis- 
tances from  the 
homes.  At 
harvest  time 
the  tax  gath- 
erer is  sure  to 
take  for  tlie 
government  a 
large  part  of 
the  crops. 

Wheat  and 
cotton  are  the 
chief  products. 

In  many  of 
the  valleys  are 
irrigated  or- 
chards yielding 
figs,  olives,  and 
other  fruits. 

In  some  re- 
gions the  land 
is  best  suited  to  herding,  and  many  sheep  and  goats  are 
raised. 

Most  of  the  manufacturing  is  done  by  hand.  Wool  is 
skillfully  dyed  and  woven  into  beautiful  rugs  and  carpets 
that  have  a wide  reputation.  Fine  shawls  are  made  from 


Copyright  by  Vnderwood  & Underwood,  N.  V. 

Inlaid  Pearl  Work,  Damascus 


20 


ASIA 


the  liair  of  goats.  Some  silk,  also,  is  woven  into  Turkish 
fabrics.  'I’his  work  is  done  so  slowly  and  carefully  that 
it  may  require  several  months  to  make  a single  rug. 

Pearl  tishiug  is  an  importaut  industry  iu  the  waters 
of  the  Persian  Gulf.  It  is  the  chief  occupation  of  thou- 
sands of  villagers  along  the  Turkish  shore.  Pearls  are 
found  inside  the  shells  of  oysters.  In  the  center  of  each 


Copyright  by  Keystone  View  Co. 

Beirut,  Syria 

Ijeautiful  round  pearl  there  is  always  a tiny  particle  of 
sand  or  some  other  hard  substance.  It  is  supposed  that 
when  such  a particle  gets  into  a shell,  the  oyster  builds 
a smooth  covering  around  it  to  prevent  it  from  irritat- 
ing. As  one  coat  after  another  is  added  to  the  pearl,  it 
gradually  increases  in  size.  Oysters,  yielding  pearls  of 
various  kinds  and  colors,  are  found  in  the  shallow  waters 
near  India  and  Australia  and  in  some  other  parts  of  the 
world,  ljut  the  pearl  ])eds  of  the  Persian  Gulf  are  the 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA 


21 


most  valuable.  Besides  the  pearls,  the  shells  are  also 
of  great  value  for  the  manufacture  of  jewelry  and  for 
other  ornamental  purposes. 

In  Asiatic  Turkey  are  several  old  and  interesting 
cities,  though  none  are  of  very  great  size.  Smyrna,  on 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  is  one  of  the  leading  ports  of 
the  Mediterranean.  It  is  an  important  commercial  cen- 
ter. It  has  a sheltered  harbor,  and  is  connected  with 
the  interior  by  railroads.  It  exports  many  rugs  and  figs. 


Beirut,  on  the  Syrian  coast,  has  recently  come  into 
prominence  as  a commercial  seaport.  It  is  an  important 
center  for  the  railroads  that  are  being  extended  into 
various  sections  of  the  empire. 

The  ancient  city  of  Damascus  is  still  a center  for  cara- 
van trade.  It  is  the  starting  point  for  annual  pilgrim- 
as;es  that  faithful  Mohammedans  make  to  their  sacred 
city  of  Mecca,  the  birthplace  of  the  prophet  Mohammed. 
For  thirteen  centuries  it  has  been  regarded  as  the  duty 
of  the  followers  of  the  Prophet  to  make  this  pilgrimage 


22 


ASIA 


at  some  time  in  their  life.  About  two  hundred  thousand 
people  every  year  endure  great  hardship  in  crossing  the 
nine  hundred  miles  of  desert.  Many  have  perished  on 
the  journey,  but  Mohammedans  believe  that  if  they 
die  in  the  attempt  to  reach  the  Holy  City,  they  will  be 
immediately  taken  to  a beautiful  paradise.  There  is 
now  a railroad  from  Damascus  to  Mecca,  built  largely 
to  accommodate  these  throngs  of  Mohammedan  travelers. 


Pilgrims  on  the  Way  to  Mecca 


Bagdad  is  situated  in  a fertile  spot  covered  with  gar- 
dens and  palm  groves.  It  will  probably  become  an  im- 
portant center  of  trade  as  the  industries  of  the  plains 
of  Mesopotamia  are  developed. 

The  ancient  cities  of  Babylon  and  Nineveh  were  in 
Mesoi)otamia.  The  only  traces  of  them  now  are  mounds 
of  laiins.  Excavations  made  among  these  ruins  have 
added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  ancient  times. 

The  land  in  the  valley  of  tlie  Tigris  and  Euphrates 
rivers  is  very  fertile  and  by  the  use  of  irrigation  once 
supported  a large  population.  It  is  believed  to  be 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA 


23 


capable  of  producing  grain  enougli  for  fifty  million 
people.  The  Turks  have  neglected  the  resources  of  this 
region,  hut  England,  France,  and  Germany  have  all  be- 
come interested  in  it  on  account  of  the  great  ojDportn- 
nities  for  agriculture,  commerce,  and  colonization.  Each 
of  these  three  countries  has  obtained  the  right  to  build 
railroads  into  the  valley.  A new  railway  is  to  extend 
from  the  town  of  Scutari,  on  the  Bosporus,  through  the 
city  of  Bagdad,  to  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 


Native  Boats  used  on  the  Tigris 


Mesopotamia  is  a level  region,  and  the  rivers  have 
sufficient  water  for  irrigation.  Some  of  the  ancient 
irrio-ation  ditches  will  be  renewed  and  others  will  be 

o 

constructed.  It  is  proltable  that  this  great  valley  will 
at  some  time  become  one  of  the  chief  grain-producing 
reffions  of  the  world. 

o 

A small  section  along  the  coast  of  Syria  is  the  most 
familiar  portion  of  the  Turkish  Empire  because  it  is  the 
Holy  Land  of  Christendom.  It  is  called  Palestine.  It 
was  the  Promised  Land  ” into  which  the  Jews  entered 


24 


ASIA 


Avlien  the}"  l)ecanie  a powerful  people  and  had  learned 
to  IjelieA^e  in  one  God.  Tliis  is  the  land  in  which  Christ 
was  l)orn,  and  many  Christian  people  throughout  the 
Avorld  visit  it  to  view  the  scenes  of  Bible  history. 

.\t  the  time  of  the  lurtli  of  Christ,  Palestine  Avas 
under  the  Roman  goA^ernment.  During  previous  periods 
Persians  and  Egj’ptians  had  held  control  over  it.  It  is 


The  Heart  of  Jerusalem 


one  liundred  and  fifty  miles  long,  and  has  an  average 
Avidth  of  ahout  fifty  miles.  The  Jordan  River  runs 
through  it,  and  its  valley  is  the  loAvest  on  the  earth. 
Tlie  Dead  Sea,  into  Avhich  the  Jordan  floAvs,  is  thirteen 
hundred  feet  loAver  than  the  Mediterranean. 

Interest  in  Palestine  naturally  centers  in  Jerusalem. 
The  present  city  is  upon  the  site  of  the  ancient  one,  but 
an  accumulation  of  many  centuries  has  buried  the  build- 
ings of  the  time  of  Christ  several  feet  beneath  the  present 
surface.  Jenisalem  is  built  upon  a plateau  and  is  sur- 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA 


25 


rounded  by  a high  ^vall.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  stone, 
with  flat  roofs.  They  are  closely  crowded  together  on 
narrow  streets.  Where  Solomon’s  Temple  once  stood 
is  an  immense  Turkish  mosque,  called  the  Alosque  of 
Omar.  The  population  of  the  city  is  composed  of  Turks, 
Armenians,  Jews,  and  many  visitors  from  all  the  Chris- 
tian countries  of  the  world. 


The  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre 


1.  The  island  of  Cyprus  is  tributary  to  Turlcey,  but  is  also  an  imjior- 
taut  naval  station  of  Great  Britain.  AVhere  is  it  situated  ? 

2.  AVliat  mountain  is  near  the  meeting  point  of  Turkey,  Persia,  and 
Russia  V 

d.  In  what  direction  from  Beirut  is  Damascus? 

4.  About  how  long  is  the  journey  from  Damascus  to  Alecca? 

5.  Aledina  contains  the  tomb  of  Alohammed.  In  what  direction  is 
it  from  Mecca  ? 

6.  Aleppo  is  an  important  city.  In  what  direction  is  it  from  Da- 
mascus ? 

7.  Name  the  town  that  is  the  terminus  of  the  Bagdad  Railway,  near 
the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 

8.  From  Hodeida  much  of  the  famous  “ IMocha  ” coffee  is  exported. 
In  what  direction  is  Hodeida  from  IMocha? 

9.  Sketch  a map  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  showing  the  rivers,  cities,  and 
surrounding  bodies  of  water. 


2C 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


4.  Arabia,  Persia,  and  Afghanistan 

Arabia,  Persia,  and  Afghanistan  are  three  countries 
of  coinparativelj  small  importance.  In  the  greater  part 
of  their  territory  the  climate  is  dry  and  the  soil  is  not 
very  productive.  The  people  are  ignorant,  and  their 
customs  and  methods  of  life  are  very  simple  and  crude. 


Wilderness  of  Sin,  Arabia 

The  large  peninsula  of  Arabia  is  a plateau  bordered 
by  mountains  on  the  south  and  west.  Narrow  sections 
around  the  coast  receive  the  greatest  amount  of  mois- 
ture. Some  of  these  fertile  sections  are  under  the  control 
of  Turkey;  others  l)elong  to  Great  Britain.  A large  part 
of  the  interior,  which  is  Araljia  proper,  is  a sandy  desert. 
No  rivers  flow  through  it  and  no  railroads  have  been 
built  across  it.  Here  and  there  a little  underground 
water  comes  to  the  surface,  and  in  certain  places  water 


ARABIA,  PERSIA,  AND  AFGHANISTAN 


27 


can  be  obtained  by  digging  wells.  This  desert  region  is 
about  one  third  as  large  as  the  United  States. 

It  seems  strange  that  an}'  people  should  make  such 
an  undesirable  region  their  aljiding  place,  but  the  an- 
cestors of  the  present  inhabitants  have  dwelt  there  for 
centuries.  This  is  not  because  of  any  lack  of  strength 
and  hardihood.  The  Arabians  have  fine  forms,  great 


Bedouin  Sheik  and  Attendants 


strength,  and  much  intelligence.  Their  Idstory  illustrates 
the  fact  that  long-continued  surroundings  and  customs, 
however  hard,  tend  to  remove  the  desire  for  change. 

Though  Turkey  claims  Arabia  as  a part  of  its  domin- 
ion, it  really  controls  only  the  region  bordering  on  the 
coast.  Petty  Aralnan  chiefs,  called  sheiks,  divide  the 
interior  among  themselves. 

The  Arabians  who  inhabit  the  desert  are  called  Bed- 
ouins. They  live  in  tents  and  care  for  herds  of  camels 
and  horses.  In  some  sections,  also,  many  herds  of 


28 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  are  to  be  seen.  Tliese  herds  are 
driven  from  ])lace  to  place  as  the  seasons  change. 

In  some  of  the  valleys,  especially  in  the  northern  part, 
the  soil  is  fertile  and  can  he  irrigated.  In  such  places 
the  inhahitants  dwell  in  villages  and  raise  grain,  coffee, 
dates,  and  other  crops.  They  live  mostly  in  flat-roofed 
houses  made  of  sun-dried  bricks. 


Camels  in  Arabia 


Aralhans  are  fond  of  trading,  and  deal  much  with 
one  another.  They  trade  little  with  the  outer  world, 
hut  sell  coffee,  dates,  and  wool  to  foi'eign  merchants. 

Aralna  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  original  home  of 
the  horse  and  the  camel.  The  people  are  still  very  fond 
of  horses  and  take  great  pains  in  raisijig  them.  Arabian 
horses  are  reo;arded  as  amons?  the  finest  in  the  world. 
The  camel  is  the  necessary  beast  of  burden  for  convey- 
ing goods  long  distances  across  the  desert.  Long  trains 
of  these  patient  animals  are  continually  passing  between 
the  interior  and  the  towns  of  the  coast.  The  Arabians 
consider  the  meat  of  camels  very  choice. 


ARABIA,  PERSIA,  AND  AFGHANISTAN 


29 


A strip  along  the  southeastern  coast  of  the  Arabian 
peninsula,  named  Oman,  was  once  an  independent  king- 
dom, but  is  now  under  the  control  of  Great  Britain. 
The  city  of  Aden,  on  the  southern  coast,  also  belongs  to 
the  British.  It  has  very  strong  fortifications  to  guard 
the  entrance  to  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  the  chief  seaport 
of  Arabia,  and  is  a very  convenient  coaling  station  for 


Aden 


ships  passing  east  and  west  between  the  ports  of  Europe 
and  those  of  Asia  and  Australia.  Coffee,  dates,  and 
other  products  are  brought  on  camels  to  Aden,  where 
they  are  shipped  to  distant  markets.  It  is  a free  port, 
open  to  the  ships  of  all  nations,  and  has  Ijecome  a great 
distributing  center. 

Persia  is  a high  table-land  surrounded  by  mountains, 
and  consists  largely  of  desert.  The  native  Persians  are 
mostly  Mohammedans.  They  are  courteous  and  refined 
in  manners.  There  are  also  many  Turks  in  Persia. 

The  government  has  been  an  afjsolute  monarchy 


30 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


under  a ruler  called  the  Shah.  Not  long  ago,  however, 
a revolution  occurred,  and  the  Shah  granted  to  the 
people  a constitution  and  a parliament.  Afterward 
stiff e arose  between  different  factions,  and  other  nations 
were  oliliged  to  interfere  to  preserve  order. 

Russia  owns  the  land  north  of  Persia,  and  would  be 
glad  to  secure  rights  in  that  country  in  order  to  obtain 

a port  on  the 
Persian  Gulf, 
1-)ut  Great  Brit- 
ain is  anxious 
to  retain  control 
of  the  w^aters 
between  Persia 
and  Arabia.  In 
the  year  1907 
these  two  na- 
tions entered 
into  an  agree- 
ment that  Persia 
should  continue 
to  be  a separate 
nation,  but  that 
it  should  be  di- 
vided into  two 

Palace  of  the  Shah,  Teheran  “ ZOneS  of  in- 

fluence ” under 

Great  Britain  and  Russia.  Russia  has  charge  over  the 
northern  part  and  Great  Britain  over  the  portion  near- 
est the  Persian  Gulf. 

The  Persian  peasants  have  a hard  struggle  to  obtain 


ARABIA,  PERSIA,  AND  AFGHANISTAN 


31 


a living.  In  the  regions  near  the  Caspian  Sea  and  along 
the  southern  shore  a small  amount  of  land  is  cultivated 
by  irrigation,  but  in  most  places  water  is  obtained 
with  great  difficulty.  Some  grain,  cotton,  and  tobacco 
are  produced.  Persian  fruits  are  of  excellent  quality. 


Weaving  Persian  Carpet 


Much  camel’s  hair  cloth  and  many  beautiful  carpets 
and  rugs  are  manufactured  by  hand  and  sold  to  foreign 
merchants. 

Most  of  the  people  live  in  mud  huts,  in  villages  sur- 
rounded by  walls  as  a protection  against  robbers.  There 
are  few  roads  across  the  country,  and  most  of  the  mer- 
chandise is  carried  by  caravans  of  camels  and  other  pack 
animals.  Persian  caravans  often  consist  of  hundreds  of 
camels,  each  fastened  by  a rope  from  a ring  in  its  nose 
to  the  saddle  of  the  one  in  front. 


32 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


Along  the  coast  of  Persia  are  foniul  many  pearls  and 
})carl  shells  like  those  along  the  opposite  coast  of  Arabia. 

Tehei'an,  the  capital  city,  is  mostly  composed  of  small 
houses  made  of  sun-dried  bricks.  It  contains  some 
beautiful  Mohammedan  mosques.  One  of  the  shahs 
once  fancied  that  he  could  make  his  city  look  like  Paris, 


Interior  of  Chamber  in  a Persian  House 

and  hence  laid  out  a few  very  wide  streets,  but  most  of 
the  streets  are  narroiv  and  neglected. 

Tabriz  is  in  a region  wliere  the  climate  is  good  and 
the  soil  fertile.  It  is  also  in  a favorable  situation  for 
trade  with  other  countries. 

Afgluuiistan  is  a country  eveii  less  favored  by  nature 
than  Persia  or  Araltia.  It  is  largely  covered  with  bar- 
ren sand  and  rocks,  and  is  hemmed  in  Ity  mountains. 
It  is  cold  in  winter,  but  hot  and  dry  in  summer. 


ARABIA,  PERSIA,  AND  AFGHANISTAN 


33 


The  Afghans  are  Init  little  known  to  the  outside 
world.  Tliey  manage  to  subsist  upon  what  they  can 
produce  from  the  scanty  tracts  of  fertile  land.  Most  of  the 
inhabitants  consist  of  wandering  tril)es,  who  keep  herds 
of  sheep,  goats,  and  camels,  and  make  articles  of  wool 
and  hair.  Their  ruler,  called  the  Ameer,  is  an  absolute 


Nomads  in  Afghanistan 


monarch,  and  controls  his  sulpects  chiefly  througli  fear. 
The  people  are  brave,  but  cruel,  and  fight  with  fierce 
hatred  against  foreign  invaders. 

The  country  lies  Ijetween  Russian  possessions  on  the 
north  and  the  British  possession  of  India  on  the  south- 
east, and  both  Russia  and  Great  Britain  have  tried  to 
gain  control  of  it.  On  this  account  Afghanistan  is 
sometimes  called  the  “ Buffer  State  ” between  Russia 


34 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


and  India.  The  famous  Khyber  Pass  on  the  Afghanis- 
tan frontier  is  the  only  place  in  the  mountains  where  a 
hostile  force  could  enter  India  from  the  north.  It  is 
kept  strongly  fortihed  and  guarded  by  a British  garri- 
son. 


Caravan  at  Khyber  Pass 


1.  Name  tlie  bodies  of  water  around  the  Aralnan  peninsula. 

2.  Why  is  Aden  sometimes  called  the  “ Gibraltar  of  tlie  East  ”? 

3.  On  what  waters  does  a vessel  sail  in  carrying  goods  from  Aden  to 
London  ? 

4.  Where  are  the  Elburz  IMountains  ? 

5.  In  what  part  of  Persia  is  the  capital  city? 

fi.  In  what  part  of  Persia  is  Tabriz? 

7.  Ispahan  is  noted  as  a center  of  IMohammedan  learning.  In  what 
part  of  Persia  is  it  ? 

8.  What  great  mountain  range  extends  across  Afglianistan  ? 

h.  Kabul-;  the  capital  of  Afghanistan,  is  on  a fertile  plain  on  the 
route  of  trade  between  central  Asia  and  India.  In  what  part  of  Afghan- 
istan is  it? 

10.  Herat  is  in'  a strong  military  position,  and  has  been  called  the 
“ Gate  of  India.”  In  what  direction  is  it  from  Kabul? 


INDIA 


35 


11.  Give  reasons  vrhy  Russia  and  Great  Britain  would  like  to  have 
possession  of  Afghanistan. 

1’2.  Sketch  a map  of  Persia  and  Afghanistan  and  locate  the  important 
towns. 


Persian  Brick-makers 

5.  India 

The  country  of  India,  which  is  sometimes  called 
Hindustan,  is  in  sharp  contrast  with  the  countries 
of  northern  and  western  Asia.  It  has  a warm  climate 
and  fertile  soil,  and  supports  a dense  population. 

The  lofty  Himalaya  Mountains  on  the  northern  bor- 
der are  covered  with  perjietual  snow.  Among  these 
mountains  are  more  than  one  hundred  peaks  over  four 
miles  high,  and  above  an  altitude  of  three  miles  the  snow 
never  entirely  melts.  The  name  of  this  mountain  range 
signifies  the  ‘‘Abode  of  Snow.”  Upon  its  long  slopes 
almost  every  variety  of  climate  may  lie  found.  At  some 
distance  below  the  snow  line  maple,  oak,  and  chestnut 


36 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


trees,  and  wild  berries,  suggest  the  climate  of  tlie  cooler 
portions  of  temperate  regions. 

The  southern  slopes  descend  to  the  warm,  low  plains 
of  the  valleys  of  the  Ganges,  Indus,  and  Brahmaputra 
I'ivers.  These  plains  are  covered  with  fine  soil  that 
for  long  ages  has  been  carried  down  from  the  mountains. 


Among  the  Snow  Peaks  above  the  Clouds 


The  southern  part  of  India  is  a plateau,  or  elevated 
table-land.  It  is  often  called  the  Deccan,  which  means 
southland.  On  this  i)lateau  the  soil  is  excellent  and 
the  rainfall  abunda.nt. 

The  monsoons  blow  over  India  from  the  south- 
west in  summer  and  from  the  northeast  in  winter.  The 
summer  winds  bring  a great  amount  of  moisture  from 
the  Indian  Ocean  and  produce  an  abundance  of  rain  on 
the  tnountain  slopes  near  the  western  coast.  The  sum- 
mer wind  generally  leaves  a supply  of  rain  upon  the  table- 


INDIA 


37 


lands  also,  but  after  leaving  these  produces  but  little  upon 
the  lowlands  of  the  northern  liver  valleys.  When  the 
air  currents  reach  the  cold  Himalayas,  their  temperature 
is  reduced  so  much  that  the  rainfall  is  again  very  great. 

A region  among  these  mountains  directly  north  of  the 
delta  of  the  Ganges  is  believed  to  be  the  rainiest  place 


Himalayan  Laborers 


in  the  world.  At  one  point  there  is  a rainfall  of  about  forty 
feet  every  year,  chietiy  in  the  months  of  July  and  August. 
This  great  amount  of  rain  and  the  melting  suow  of  the 
mountain  glaciers  supply  the  large  rivers,  and  from  their 
waters  the  lowlands  are  irrigated. 

In  winter  the  monsoon  from  the  northeast  gathers 
moisture  from  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  deposits  rain 
on  the  eastern  slopes. 

This  fertile  country  has  been  for  centuries  the  home 
of  the  Hindus.  These  are  a dark-skinned  people,  but 
their  language  and  history  indicate  that  they  belong  to 


38 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


the  Caucasian  Race.  It  is  probable  that  their  ancestors 
once  lived  in  the  region  north  of  the  Himalayas.  Other 
lu’anches  of  the  race  emigrated  toward  the  west,  but 
the  Hindus  found  their  way  across  the  mountains  to 

the  south.  Not 
only  was  the  nat- 
ural fertility  of 
the  region  favor- 
able, but  its  sepa- 
ration from  other 
countries  Id  y 

mountains  and 
seas  afforded  them 
considerable  pro- 
tection against 
foreign  invasion. 
They  therefore 
prospered  and 
developed  a re- 
markable form  of 
civilization.  Cen- 
turies ago  they 
had  a written  language  and  a literature.  They  liad  a 
well-organized  government,  and  built  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  temples  in  the  world. 

Although  India  is  only  about  one  half  as  large  as  the 
United  States,  it  contains  about  three  times  as  many  in- 
haljitants.  There  are  in  India  about  two  hundred  people 
per  square  mile,  while  in  the  United  States  the  average 
is  not  far  from  thirty  per  square  mile. 

The  three  hundred  million  inhabitants  of  India  are 


Young  Hindu  Prince 


INDIA 


39 


by  no  means  a united  people.  They  include  more  than 
twenty  nationalities.  More  than  two  hundred  million 
are  Hindus  and  about  sixty  million  are  Moham- 
medans. Through  the  efforts  of  missionaries  several 
million  have  adopted  the  Christian  religion. 

The  peoples  of  India  have  many  peculiar  customs  and 
strange  religious  beliefs.  The  common  religion  of  the 


Bullock  Cart  of  a High-caste  Brahmin 

Hindus  is  Brahminism.  It  teaches  that  existence  in 
this  life  is  an  evil,  that  it  is  a virtue  to  suffer  pain,  and 
that  the  one  thing  desirable  is  to  return  to  the  source  of 
all  life  from  which  we  came.  This  reli2;ion  teaches  the 
doctrine  of  castes,  or  fixed  classes  of  society,  according 
to  which  the  Hindu  must  always  live  among  the  same 
class  of  peo])le  and  follow  the  same  occupation  as  his 
father.  The  Brahmins  belono;  to  the  hio;hest  of  all 
castes.  No  one  can  be  a Brahmin  unless  his  father  was 
one.  Certain  kinds  of  work  are  performed  by  the  mem- 


40 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


hers  of  particular  castes,  and  uo  one  can  do  any  work 
tliat  belongs  to  another  caste.  Members  of  the  highest 
castes  regard  themselves  as  polluted  if  any  one  of  lower 
caste  touches  them.  This  unfortunate  system  tends  to 
discourage  progress,  and  ever  since  the  belief  and  practice 
l:)ecame  common,  the  Hindus  have  I'emained  practically 
in  a lixed  condition. 


Twenty  Thousand  Hindu  Pilgrims  waiting  at  the  Ganges 


In  the  belief  that  the  Ganges  River  is  sacred,  millions 
of  Hindus,  for  several  thousand  years,  have  made  pil- 
grimages to  its  banks  in  order  to  become  cleansed  from 
their  sins.  They  not  only  drink  the  water  and  bathe 
in  it,  but  carry  it  away  in  casks  for  hundreds  of  miles. 
Many  build  their  homes  near  the  river,  so  that  when 
they  die  the  ashes  of  their  cremated  bodies  may  be  cast 
into  its  waters. 


INDIA 


41 


Another  belief  is  that  after  death  the  spirit  exists 
again,  either  in  the  form  of  another  human  being  or  in 
that  of  a lower  animal.  On  this  account  the  Hindus 
regard  it  as  a sin  to  kill  an  animal  of  any  kind,  or  to 
eat  meat.  Sheep  and  goats  are  raised  for  their  wool, 
cattle  are  kept  to  serve  as  draft  animals,  and  camels 
are  used  to  some  extent  for  transporting  goods. 


Elephants  of  State  with  Trappings 


The  elephants  of  India  are  remarkably  intelligent,  and 
when  tamed,  are  of  great  value.  They  are  used  for  con- 
veying loads,  for  plowing,  and  for  doing  work  that  re- 
quires great  strength,  such  as  piling  large  timbers  in 
lumber  yards.  They  are  so  useful  that  tlie  hunting 
and  capture  of  wild  elephants  is  now  controlled  by  the 
government. 

But  there  are  other  animals  in  India  that  are  a source 
of  terror  to  the  inhabitants.  In  some  places  there  are 
vast  jungles  of  tangled  thickets,  and  these  are  the  haunts 
of  tigers,  panthers,  wolves,  hyenas,  wild  dogs,  and  other 
dangerous  animals.  In  the  darkness  of  nie-ht  tis;ers 

o o o 


42 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


often  steal  into  the  villages,  spring  silently  upon  their 
victims,  and  carry  them  off  to  the  neighboring  jungle. 
A single  tiger  has  been  known  to  visit  a village 
night  after  night,  until  more  than  one  hundred  people 
have  ]jeen  carried  away.  Sometimes  entire  villages 

have  been  aban- 
doned by  their 
inhabitants  be- 
cause of  repeated 
visits  of  wild 
beasts.  In  the 
whole  of  India 
several  thousand 
persons  are  eaten 
by  wild  animals 


every  year. 


and 


nearly  twenty 
thousand  are 
killed  by  poison- 
ous snakes. 

Long  ago  Eng- 
lish merchants 
settled  along  the 
coast  of  India  to 
carry  on  trade 
with  the  natives.  As  the  numbers  of  such  settlers  in- 
creased, the  British  government  was  called  upon  to 
protect  their  interests,  and  finally,  in  1858,  the  whole 
country  became  a part  of  the  British  Empire.  The 
King  of  England  is  also  Emperor  of  India.  At  the 
head  of  the  government  is  a Britisli  Governor-general, 


Temple  at  Khatmandu 


INDIA 


43 


called  the  Viceroy.  Some  of  the  officials  under  him 
are  British,  but  most  of  them  are  natives.  Parts  of  the 
country  are  still  ruled  by  native  princes,  but  all  these 
princes  have  British  advisers. 

The  method  of  the  British  in  ruling  India  has  l)een, 
not  to  force  the  people  to  adopt  changes  in  government 
at  once,  but  rather  to  guide  and  advise  them  in  the 


Government  Buildings  at  Calcutta 


mana2:ement  of  their  own  affairs.  It  is  remarkaltle  that 
such  a vast  number  of  native  people  have  been  peace- 
fully governed  by  such  a small  numlter  of  foreign  officials. 
There  are  only  about  six  or  seven  thousand  white  people 
engaged  in  government  service  among  three  hundred 
million  natives. 

Some  of  the  native  leaders  have  endeavored  to  arouse 
their  people  against  the  British,  but  there  arc  so  many 
different  classes  and  castes  that  union  among  them  is 
impossible.  If  British  rule  should  cease,  strife  and 
bloodshed  wmuld  be  likely  to  break  out  at  once.  The 
masses  of  the  people  are  too  ignorant  to  appreciate  the 


44 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


benefits  of  their  present  government.  The  British  have 
founded  many  thousand  schools  and  colleges  in  India. 
They  have  l)uilt  chnrclies,  telegraph  lines,  and  irrigation 
works,  and  improved  vaidous  industries  of  tlie  people. 
The  work  has  been  comparatively  slow,  for  it  is  very 
ditiicidt  to  overcome  the  prejudices  of  the  natives. 


A Village  in  India 

1.  In  \^•llat  zones  does  India  lie? 

‘2.  On  what  countries  does  it  border? 

.'S.  t\'hat  waters  are  separated  by  the  peninsula  of  India? 

1.  How  far  nortli  of  the  equator  is  its  southern  extremity? 

5.  AVhat  countiy  of  North  America  is  in  about  the  same  latitude  as 
India? 

(i.  Explain  why  the  climate  of  that  country  is  much  cooler  than  the 
climate  of  India. 

7.  lAdiy  is  India  drier  in  winter  than  in  summer? 

8.  IVhy  does  the  monsoou  blow  toward  the  land  in  summer? 

9.  What  is  the  greatest  length  of  India,  from  north  to  south? 

10.  IIow  far  is  it  across  India,  from  the  Persian  border  to  Siam  ? 

11.  Name  three  large  rivers  of  India. 

l‘i.  The  Indian  Em]iire  includes  Baluchistan  and  Burma.  In  what 
jiarts  of  the  empire  are  they? 


INDUSTRIES  AND  CITIES  OF  INDIA 


45 


6.  Industries  and  Cities  of  India 

India  is  almost  entirely  an  agricultural  country. 
About  nine  tenths  of  the  people  obtain  their  living  by 
cultivating  the  soil.  It  requires  a large  amount  of 
produce  to  supply  such  an  enormous  population,  but  the 
land  is  so  productive  that  in  ordinary  years  there  is 
much  to  spare  for  export. 


Native  Plowing 


India  has  the  most  extensive  irrigation  works  in  the 
world.  They  extend  over  more  than  one  fourth  of  the 
cultivated  land.  They  are  constructed  not  only  where 
rain  is  deficient  throughout  the  year,  but  also  where  it 
is  deficient  in  summer  only.  In  such  regions  the  crops 
are  kept  growing  by  irrigation  during  the  dry  winter. 

It  seems  surprising  that,  notwithstanding  the  natural 
fertility  of  the  land,  most  of  the  people  are  very  poor. 
One  reason  for  this  is  the  fact  that  the  population  is 
crowded.  Many  live  upon  very  small  farms,  which  in 


40 


DISTANT  C(4UNTRIES 


favoraljle  seasons  yield  but  little  more  than  enough  to 
SLi]:)ply  their  families.  There  is  not  much  surplus  to 
sell  or  to  store  for  future  use.  Consequeiitly,  when 

drought  occurs, 
unless  the  land 
is  irrigated,  the 
people  are  reduced 
to  starvation.  On 
account  of  their 
religious  prejudice 
against  taking  the 
lives  of  animals, 
three  fourths  of 
the  inhabitants 
would  s o o n e r 

starve  than  eat 
meat.  Even  if 
there  were  no 
such  prejudice, 
but  little  land 
could  be  spared 
for  pasturing  live 
stock. 

In  the  river  valleys  and  along  the  coast  the  common 
food  is  rice.  This  can  be  easily  raised  wherever  the 
land  is  low  enough  to  l)e  flooded  with  water.  In  the 
])rovince  of  llunna,  once  a separate  country,  but  now 
the  eastern  part  of  India,  a great  amount  of  rice  is 
produced,  and  much  is  exported.  On  the  higher  land, 
where  rice  will  not  thrive,  the  people  generally  live  upon 
millet. 


Pounding  Rice 


INDUSTRIES  AND  CITIES  OF  INDIA 


47 


Wheat  thrives  on  the  central  plateau  and  on  tire  dry 
plains  of  the  northwest.  In  prosperous  years  much 
wheat  is  shipped  to  Europe.  India  now  ranks  among 
the  great  wheat-producing  countries  of  the  world. 

During  the  American  Civil  War,  when  the  supply  of 
cotton  from  our  Southern  States  for  British  cotton 


Weaving  Cloth  in  the  Naja  Hills 


factories  was  largely  reduced,  there  was  a great  devel- 
opment of  the  cotton  industry  in  India,  and  that  country 
still  produces  more  cotton  than  any  other  except  our 
own.  The  usual  cotton  crop  of  India  is  about  two  mil- 
lion bales,  while  that  of  the  United  States  amounts  to 
five  or  six  times  as  much. 

One  of  the  special  products  of  India  is  indigo,  which 
is  a dyestuff  used  for  coloring  cotton  and  woolen  goods 
and  for  bluing  in  laundries.  It  is  obtained  from  plants 
that  grow  to  a height  of  four  or  five  feet.  These  are 
gathered  and  soaked  in  water.  The  indigo  passes 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


IS 

out  of  the  plants  into  the  water,  and  after  the  water 
is  drawn  off,  the  dye  is  prepared  for  market. 

A great  amount  of  valuable  fiber  is  obtained  from  a 
]dant  called  jute.  This  thrives  on  the  lowlands  along 
the  hanks  of  the  lower  part  of  the  Ganges  River.  The 
jute  ])lant  grows  to  a height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet.  It 


Weaving  Jute  in  Southern  India 

is  cut  down,  and  the  long  fibers  are  separated  and 
cleaned  in  a manner  similar  to  that  in  which  linen 
libers  are  obtained  from  the  flax  plant.  About  twenty 
nnllion  dollars  worth  of  jute  and  articles  manufactured 
troni  it  are  exported  from  India  every  year.  They  are 
sent  mostly  to  Great  Britain  and  America.  The  fiber 
is  used  in  making  rugs  and  carpets,  and  for  bagging, 
burlap,  rope,  and  many  other  purposes. 

An  immense  amount  of  opium  is  produced  in  India 
from  great  fields  of  poppies.  Tlie  seed  pods  of  the 
plant  are  cut  or  scratched,  and  the  substance  that  oozes 


INDUSTRIES  AND  CITIES  OF  INDIA 


49 


out  is  scraped  off  and  dried.  The  British  government 
controls  the  trade  in  opium.  Every  planter  is  obliged 
to  sell  his  crop  to  the  government.  A great  part  of  the 
opium  is  shipped  to  China,  where  it  is  used  by  millions 
of  Chinese,  who  smoke  it.  From  this  trade  in  opium  the 
British  government  obtains  a large  revenue. 

O O 


Banyan  Tree 


The  finest  timl)er  of  the  forests  of  India  is  teak.  It 
is  especially  valuable  because  it  will  last  a long  time 
without  decay.  It  is  used  in  many  countries  for  the 
woodwork  of  warships,  because  it  is  not  so  easily  splin- 
tered and  damaged  by  cannon  shots  as  other  kinds 
of  wood.  Teak  logs  are  floated  down  the  rivers  to 
mills,  where  they  are  sawed  into  square  tindjers,  and 
these  are  shipped  away  to  Great  Britain  and  other 
countries.  In  the  forests  of  India  there  are  also  many 
bamboo,  palm,  banyan,  and  sandalwood  trees. 

The  greater  part  of  the  rubies  of  the  world  come  from 
the  province  of  Bui’ina.  These  are  among  the  most 
valuable  of  gems.  They  are  found  near  the  Irawadi 


50 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


River,  at  some  distance  above  the  city  of  Mandalay. 
The  rnljies  are  in  a layer  of  earth  at  a considerable 
depth  below  the  surface. 

d'he  large  island  of  Ceylon  is  separated  from  India 
by  a strait  so  shallow  that  ships  cannot  ]>ass  throngh  it. 
Tills  island  is  often  regarded  as  a part  of  India,  ljut  it  is 


Picking  Tea 


really  a separate  province  of  Great  Britain.  Its  central 
portion  consists  of  mountains,  some  of  them  more  than 
eight  thousand  feet  high.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful countries  in  the  world.  It  has  a fertile  soil,  an 
almndance  of  raiii,  and  a very  warm  climate.  Ceylon 
produces  a large  amount  of  tea.  This  is  grown  on 

plantations  on  the  mountain  slopes.  Most  of  the  tea 
used  in  Great  Britain,  and  some  of  the  supply  for  the 
United  States,  now  comes  from  Ceylon  and  India. 
Ceylon  also  produces  coffee,  cocoa,  and  rubber. 


INDUSTRIES  AND  CITIES  OF  INDIA 


51 


The  chief  city  of  India  is  Calcutta.  It  is  the  largest 
of  all  British  cities,  with  the  exception  of  Loudon.  It 
is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ganges  River,  and  is 
the  center  of  commerce  for  the  great  river  valley. 
Near  Calcutta  are  beds  of  coal,  much  of  which  is  used 
to  produce  steam  for  factories  where  paper  and  jute 
fiber  are  manufactured. 


Calcutta 


Calcutta  is  the  residence  of  the  Viceroy  and  of  many 
English  merchants  and  manufacturers.  In  Calcutta 
and  in  other  cities  of  India  the  English  quarter,  which 
is  separated  from  the  homes  of  the  natives,  has  all  the 
beauty  and  the  conveniences  of  European  cities. 

Bombay,  on  the  western  coast,  has  a fine  harbor  pro- 
tected hy  islands.  It  is  near  the  chief  cotton  districts 
of  the  country,  and  manufactures  much  cloth,  besides 
shipping  away  large  quantities  of  raw  cotton.  Much  of 
the  surplus  wheat  of  the  country  is  shipped  from  Bom- 
bay. Long  lines  of  railroad  lead  to  the  city  from 
different  parts  of  India,  and  it  is  the  great  center  of 
commerce  between  India  and  Europe,  America,  and 
countries  of  eastern  Asia. 


52 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


Benares  is  tlie  center  of  learning  and  culture.  For 
many  centuries  it  has  been  the  sacred  city  to  which 
faithful  Hindus  have  resorted.  It  extends  three  miles 
along  the  bank  of  the  Ganges.  Stone  steps  lead  down 
to  the  river  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  bathe  in  its 
waters. 


Benares  from  the  Top  of  the  Great  Mosque 


Centuries  atjo  Mohammedan  Mongols  sttcceeded  in 
passing  across  the  mountains  from  the  north  and  es- 
tablishing an  empire  in  northern  India.  Their  capital 
city  was  Delhi.  This  was  therefore  a great  Mohamme- 
dan center,  and  contains  splendid  mosques.  In  recent 
times  it  has  Itecome  an  important  manufacturing  city. 

At  Agra,  a short  distance  from  Delhi,  is  the  cele- 
brated temple,  the  Taj  Mahal,  Avhich  many  regard  as 
the  most  ))eautiful  building  in  the  world.  It  was  erected 
by  one  of  the  Mohammedan  emperors  as  a memorial  to 


INDUSTRIES  AND  CITIES  OF  INDIA 


53 


liis  wife.  Beneath  the  dome  are  the  tombs  of  the 
emperor  and  the  empress.  The  temple  is  snrronnded 
by  gardens  of  palm  trees  and  fruit  trees. 

1.  ^Vhy  did  the  completion  of  the  Suez  Canal  give  a great  stimulus 
to  the  cultivation  of  wheat  in  India? 

2.  How  has  the  building  of  many  railroads  across  the  country  tended 
to  increase  the  exjrort  of  wheat? 


i 


The  Taj  Mahal 


.3.  Dundee,  in  Scotland,  is  the  greatest  center  of  jute  manufactures. 
On  what  waters  does  a vessel  sail  in  going  from  Calcutta  to  Dundee? 

4.  Much  linseed  oil  is  produced  in  India.  For  what  is  it  used? 

5.  Give  reasons  why  Bombay  has  a greater  amount  of  European  trade 
than  Calcutta. 

6.  Rangoon  is  a great  rice-shipping  port.  In  what  jMrt  of  Burma  is 
it? 

7.  IMandalay  is  a large  city  of  Burma.  About  how  far  is  it  from 
Rangoon  ? 

8.  In  what  direction  from  Benares  is  tlie  city  of  Lucknow  ? 

9.  What  is  the  chief  city  of  Baluchistan  ? 

10.  Madras  is  the  most  important  city  of  southern  India.  On  what 
part  of  the  coast  is  it  situated  ? 

11.  IMake  a map  of  India,  showing  the  principal  rivers  and  cities. 


54 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


REVIEW 

1.  How  large  is  tlie  continent  of  Asia? 

2.  Desci'ibe  the  land  surface  of  the  continent. 

d.  Tell  alioiit  the  extremes  of  temperature  in  central  and  northern 
Asia. 

4.  Why]  las  central  Asia  a dry  climate? 

5.  Explain  the  monsoons. 

(i.  How  large  i.s  the  jiopulation  of  Asia? 


Russian  Peasants  in  Siberia 

7.  4\’liy  is  the  greater  paid  of  the  population  in  the  southern  and 
eastern  parts  ? 

8.  Wdiat  conditions  f;woi-ed  progress  among  some  of  the  ancient 
jieople  of  Asia? 

0.  'W'hy  have  tlie  people  of  Europe  i)rogressed  more  than  those  of 
Asia? 

10.  Tell  about  the  governments  and  religions  of  Asia. 

11.  How  large  is  Siberia? 

12.  Tell  about  interesting  discoveries  in  tlie  Siberian  tundra. 

Id.  Tell  about  the  inhabitants  of  the  tundra. 

1 1.  Describe  the  surface  of  tlie  remainder  of  Siberia. 

1.5.  Who  were  the  original  natives  of  Siberia? 

It).  Tell  about  Russian  exiles  in  Siberia. 

17.  Why  has  settlement  of  that  country  been  slow? 

18.  Tell  about  the  Trans-Siberian  Railroad. 


REVIEW 


55  ■ 


19.  What  are  the  chief  industries  of  the  country? 

20.  Tell  about  Turkestan  and  other  southern  provinces. 

21.  Describe  central  Asia  and  its  inhabitants. 

22.  Tell  about  Vladivostok. 

23.  Tell  about  Port  Arthur. 

21.  Tell  about  the  capital  city  of  Siberia. 

2.1.  Describe  Turkey  in  Asia. 

20.  Tell  about  Asia  l\Iinor. 


Interior  of  a beautiful  Residence  in  Damascus 

27.  Give  the  names  and  locations  of  other  parts  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 

28.  Describe  the  laud  surface  and  climate  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

29.  Give  the  history  and  present  condition  of  the  people. 

30.  Tell  about  the  Turkish  government. 

31.  Explain  the  troubles  among  the  peoples  of  eastern  A.sia  IMinor. 

32.  Explain  the  agricultural  conditions  in  Asia  Minor. 

33.  What  articles  are  manufactured  in  Turkey? 

31.  Describe  the  pearl  fishery. 

35.  How  are  pearls  formed  ? 

36.  For  what  purposes  is  the  shell  of  the  pearl  oyster  used  ? 

37.  Describe  the  city  of  Smyrna. 

38.  Explain  the  growing  importance  of  Beirut. 

39.  Tell  about  Damascus. 


56 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


40.  De.scrihe  Uie  city  of  ISagdud  and  its  vicinity. 

■tl.  'I'cll  al)ont  tlie  interest  of  Euroj^ean  countries  in  tlie  region  of 
tlie  Tigris  and  Euphrates  rivers. 

42.  Describe  iUesopotainia. 

Id.  Tell  about  Palestine. 

41.  Describe  the  city  of  Jerusalem. 

4.").  ])escribe  Arabia. 

K3.  d'ell  about  tlie  Ai-abians. 

47.  Tell  about  the  government  of  Arabia. 

48.  Describe  the  inhabitants  of  the  desert  region  of  Arabia. 

4f).  Tell  aliout  the  inhabitants  of  the  fertile  valleys. 

f)0.  What  articles  are  exirorted  from  Arabia? 

.51.  Tell  about  .Arabian  horses  and  camels. 

52.  Al’hat  are  the  Jlritish  possessions  on  the  Arabian  coast? 

5d.  Explain  the  importance  of  the  port  of  Aden. 

51.  Describe  the  land  surface  of  Persia. 

55.  Of  whom  do  the  inhabitants  of  Persia  consist? 

5().  Explain  the  government  of  Per.^iia. 

57.  Tell  about  the  agreement  between  Russia  and  Great  Britain. 

58.  AVhat  are  the  chief  industries  of  the  people? 

5.9.  'Pell  about  Persian  caravans. 

GO.  Desci’ibe  the  capital  city. 

(il.  Describe  the  surroundings  of  the  city  of  'J’abriz. 

02.  Describe  the  counti-y  of  Afghanistan. 

(id.  Tell  about  its  people  and  their  occujiations. 

04.  Al’hy  is  it  called  the  “ JSuffer  State  ”? 

05.  IVhy  is  the  Kliyber  Pa.ss  guarded  by  tlie  British  ? 

06.  Describe  the  Himalaya  ^Mountains. 

()7.  Describe  the  river  valleys  south  of  the  Himalayas. 

08.  "What  is  the  Deccan  ? 

09.  IDiat  parts  of  India  receive  much  rain  fi-om  the  summer  mon- 
soons? 

70.  Tell  about  tbe  rainiest  region  in  the  woihl. 

71.  W1  lere  does  the  winter  monsoon  cause  rain  ? 

72.  Give  a brief  bistory  of  the  Himlus. 

7d.  'Pell  about  the  density  of  the  population  of  India. 

71.  Tell  about  classes  of  people  in  India. 

75.  AVliat  is  the  religion  of  the  Hindus? 

7(i.  Explain  the  .system  of  castes. 

77.  'What  do  the  Hindus  believe  about  the  Ganges  River? 

78.  Why  will  not  Hindus  kill  animals? 

79.  Tell  about  the  elephants  of  India. 


REVIEW 


57 


80.  Tell  about  the  troubles  from  dangerous  animals. 

81.  Explain  bow  the  British  gained  possession  of  India. 

82.  Explain  the  present  form  of  government. 

83.  State  some  of  the  improvements  made  by  the  Briti.sh. 
81.  Tell  about  the  chief  occujiation  of  the  people  of  India. 
85.  Explain  the  system  of  irrigation. 

8(1.  Give  reasons  why  most  of  the  people  are  very  poor. 


Sorting  Cocoa  in  Ceylon 


87.  What  are  the  most  common  articles  of  food  in  India? 

88.  Ei'om  what  part  of  India  is  a great  amount  of  rice  exported  ? 

8.9.  Tell  about  the  production  of  wheat. 

90.  What  led  to  the  development  of  the  cotton  industry  in  India? 

91.  Explain  how  indigo  is  jiroduced. 

92.  How  is  jute  produced  ? 

93.  How  is  opium  obtained  ? 

91.  State  one  of  the  purposes  for  which  teak  timber  is  used. 

95.  Name  trees,  besides  teak,  that  are  common  in  the  forests  of  India. 
90.  Where  are  rulries  obtained  ? 

97.  Describe  the  island  of  Ceylon. 

98.  Wliat  are  some  of  the  products  of  Ceylon  ? 

99.  Describe  the  city  of  Calcutta. 

100.  Explain  why  Bombay  is  an  important  commercial  center. 

101.  Tell  about  Benares. 

102.  Give  tlie  history  of  tlie  city  of  Delhi. 

103.  Describe  the  Taj  Mahal. 


58 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


7.  China 

Tlie  Empire  of  China,  which  comprises  the  greater 
part  of  eastern  Asia,  is  about  the  size  of  the  United 
States,  inclnding  Alaska.  In  its  physical  features  it 
closely  resemldes  the  eastern  portion  of  our  country. 
It  contains  mountainous  and  hilly  sections  and  vast 


Upper  Yangtse  River 


plains.  The  great  rivers,  which  rise  among  the  moun- 
tains in  the  western  part,  have  Ijroad,  fertile  valleys  in 
their  lower  courses. 

China  is  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  the  United 
States,  and  its  climate  is  similar  to  ours.  A large 
part  of  tlie  country  has  a sufficient  supply  of  rain. 
Along  the  eastern  coast  there  is  rain  in  both  sum- 
mer and  winter.  In  the  interior  the  summer  mon- 
soons bring  rain,  but  the  north  winds  of  winter  are  dry. 

The  Chinese  Empire  consists  of  China  proper,  or  the 


CHINA 


59 


Middle  Kingdom,  in  the  southeastern  part,  including 
somewhat  less  than  one  half  of  the  entire  territory,  and 
the  large  outlying  provinces  of  Tibet,  Chinese  Tur- 
kestan, Mongolia,  and  Manchuria.  China  proper  is 
divided  into  eighteen  provinces. 

The  Chinese  are  descended  from  mixed  peoples. 
They  belong  for  the  most  part  to  the  Mongolian,  or 
Yellow,  Race.  Their  ances- 
tors have  occupied  this  por- 
tion of  Asia  for  thousands  of 
years.  In  general  the  Chi- 
nese have  a hio;h  degree  of 
natural  ability  and  intelligence. 

The  inhabitants  of  northern 
China  are  larger  in  stature 
and  of  a more  vigorous  type  of 
manhood  than  those  in  the 
southern  section.  AVe  are 
most  familiar  with  the  people 
of  the  south,  because  the  Chi- 
nese immigrants  to  America 
are  chiefly  from  that  region. 

We  should  not  base  onr  idea 
of  the  Chinese  race  upon  these 
immigrants,  for  they  come  mostly  from  the  lower  classes. 
Nearly  three  fourths  of  our  Chinese  inhabitants  are  in 
the  state  of  California,  and  the  fear  that  the  presence 
of  so  many  would  lead  to  difficulties  in  the  future  has 
led  to  laws  forbidding  the  further  entrance  of  Chinese 
laborers  into  this  country. 

China  is  so  far  away  from  us,  and  wn  see  so  few  of  its 


Woman  of  North  China 


GO 


ASIA 


people,  that  we  do  not  realize  how  large  a part  of  the 
world’s  popidation  it  contains.  The  eastern  portion  of 
the  country  is  covered  with  many  thousands  of  villages 
and  has  many  large  cities,  the  names  of  some  of  which 
are  hardl}"  kmnvn  to  ns.  The  entire  empire  probably 
contains  nearly  four  hundred  and  fifty  million  people. 


View  in  Eastern  China 


There  are  more  people  in  China  than  in  the  whole  of 
Europe,  and  more  than  there  are  in  North  America, 
South  America,  and  Africa  combined.  In  fact,  China 
contains  more  than  one  fourth  of  all  the  inhabitants  of 
the  earth. 

The  Chinese  were  among  the  first  people  of  the  world 
to  Itecome  civilized.  They  invented  the  mariner’s  com- 
pass, the  art  of  making  gunpowder,  and  the  production 
of  silk  goods  and  porcelain  ware.  No  one  of  tlie  neigh- 
Itoring  nations  had  reached  such  high  attainments  as  the 
Chinese,  and  on  that  account  they  have  generally  held 
all  foreigners  in  low  esteem. 


CHINA 


61 


The  Great  Wall  of  China  is  an  indication  of  the  enter- 
prise and  power  of  the  people  of  former  generations. 
This  wall  separates  the  Middle  Kingdom  from  the 
northern  provinces,  and  extends  from  the  sea  toward 
the  west  for  a distance  of  about  fifteen  hundred  miles. 
It  is  thirty  feet  high  and  twenty  feet  wide,  w'ith  high 


Great  Wall  of  China 


towers  at  regular  intervals.  It  runs  up  and  down  across 
the  country,  even  over  the  peaks  of  high  'mountains. 

It  was  built  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  back  the  Tartar 
tribes  of  the  north.  While  the  wall  was  being  con- 
structed, a large  army  was  necessary  to  protect  the 
workmen  against  those  tribes.  The  wdiole  undertaking 
must  have  required  the  labor  of  millions  of  men.  For- 
merly Chinese  soldiers  were  continually  stationed  upon 
the  walls  and  in  the  towers,  and  for  many  centuries 
they  held  in  check  the  Tartar  horsemen  of  the  northern 
steppes.  At  last,  however,  these  became  powerful 


G2 


ASIA 


enough  to  overcome  the  Chinese  and  enter  the  country. 
After  this  the  conquering  Tartars  became  the  ruling 
class  in  China.  In  the  seventeenth  centiuy  the  Manchu 
Tartars  came  into  power.  The  custom  of  shaving  the 
head  and  Avearing  the  queue  originated  with  them. 

The  religious  ideas  of  the  Chinese  have  had  a great 
effect  upon  their  civilization.  The  three  great  religions 
are  Ihiddliism,  A\diich  is  also  common  in  India ; Taoism, 


Confucian  Temple  at  Nanking 


Avhich  teaches  the  l.'elief  in  many  gods  ruling  over  the 
needs  and  activities  of  life,  such  as  fire,  rain,  agriculture, 
and  medicine ; and  Confucianism,  which  was  founded  by 
Confucius. 

Confucianism  is  .tlie  leading  religion  of  the  country. 
Among  other  principles,  it  teaches  the  people  to  rever- 
ence the  past  and  to  obey  the  laws  of  their  ancestors. 
According  to  these  principles,  Chinese  children  are  se- 
verely punished  for  any  disrespect  to  their  parents. 
The  people  have  gradually  become  accustomed  to  an 


CHINA 


63 


acceptance  of  all  three  of  the  great  religions,  and  it 
often  happens  that  the  same  temple  serves  for  all. 

Because  of  their  l^elief  in  the  excellence  of  what  their 
ancestors  have  done,  the  Chinese  have  opposed  all 
attempts  to  make  improvements  of  any  kind.  Tlieir 
hatred  of  foreigners  has  been  largely  due  to  fear  of  the 
changes  that  foreig:uers  strive  to  introduce. 

O o , 


Chinese  Carpenters 


Aside  from  religions  scruples,  Chinese  workmen  have 
been  opposed  to  the  introduction  of  new  labor-saving 
inventions  from  foreign  nations.  The  same  difficulty 
has  arisen  in  other  countries,  when  newly  invented  ma- 
chines have  taken  the  place  of  hand  labor.  When  a 
machine  is  adopted  that  will  do  the  work  of  a numlter 
of  men,  many  people  lose  their  occupation.  For  a time 
this  is  a hardship  to  the  few,  but  to  the  people  as  a whole 
it  is  a great  benefit. 


G4 


ASIA 


Tlie  Chinese  have  clung  to  their  old  notions,  while 
otlier  peo[)les  liave  advanced;  and  consecjuently  Cliina,  as 
a nation,  lias  been  growing  weaker,  while  other  nations 
have  been  erowintr  strono;er. 

o o o 

The  opportunity  to  carry  on  trade  with  the  vast  popvda- 
tion  of  China  is  much  sought  by  the  great  commercial 
nations  ot  the  world.  As  dealings  with  merchants  of 
these  powerful  nations  increased,  it  seemed  proliable. 


Chinese  Officials 


a few  years  ago,  that  the  Chinese  Empire  would  lie 
brought  under  the  control  of  some  foreign  power,  as 
India  liecaine  a part  of  the  British  Empire,  or  that  it 
would  he  divided  among  several  of  the  great  powers  of 
Euro})e.  The  French  had  already  gained  possession  of 
French  Indo-China.  The  Russians  had  obtained  Port 
Arthur,  a strongly  fortified  seaport,  and  had  been  given 
the  privilege  of  extending  a branch  of  their  Siberian 


CHINA 


65 


Railway  through  Chinese  territory.  The  Germans  had 
seized  the  harbor  and  adjacent  territory  at  Kianchaii. 
The  British,  also,  had  obtained  privileges  at  the  port  of 
Weihaiwei.  There  was  danger  of  a terrible  war  over  the 
division  of  Chinese  territory. 

But  the  leaders  among  the  Chinese  have  become  aroused, 
and  are  now  rapidly  adopting  modern  improvements  and 
doing  everything  in  their  power  to  strengthen  tlieir  nation. 
In  this  they  have  had  the  sympathy  and  assistance  of  the 


United  States.  Recently  railroads  have  been  built,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  systems  have  been  introduced,  and 
many  newspapers  have  been  established. 

Chinese  officials  are  making  great  efforts  to  reform  their 
educational  system.  For  two  thonsaud  years,  many  Chi- 
nese children  have  been  educated,  but  their  education 
has  been  largely  confined  to  a study  of  the  ancient 
writings  of  Confucius.  At  the  end  of  their  course  they 
have  been  required  to  take  severe  examinations.  These 


66 


ASIA 


have  l)een  conducted  in  a curious  way.  The  halls  where 
they  were  held  consisted  of  a great  number  of  small 
booths,  or  cells,  in  which  students  sat  alone  and  worked 
for  da\'s  upon  their  tasks.  Success  in  the  examination 
woidd  insure  appcjintment  to  some  public  office. 

lu  1905  these  examinations  were  abolished  and  a new 
Minister  of  Education  was  appointed.  Tlie  government 

is  now  establish- 
ing schools  simi- 
lar to  those  of 
other  nations. 
T h 0 u s a n d s of 
Chinese  students 
have  been  sent 
to  be  educated  in 
Japan  and  in  the 
United  States, 
Germany,  and 
England. 

The  govern- 
ment of  China  is 
an  al:isolute  mon- 
archy.  Each 
province  has  a governor  with  officials  under  him,  and 
over  all  is  the  Emperor,  who  is  supposed  to  have  supreme 
power.  The  empire  is  so  large,  however,  and  communica- 
tion has  been  so  slow  and  difficult  that  the  central  govern- 
ment lias  had  l)ut  little  control  o^'er  some  of  the  remote 
provinces.  Punishments  are  very  severe.  Tlie  death  pen- 
alty is  inflicted  for  offenses  that  would  seem  to  us  trivial. 

The  Chinese  people  are  naturally  industrious  and  skill- 


CHINA 


67 


fill.  They  have  much  strength  and  endurance.  Horses 
and  other  draft  animals  are  scarce  among  them,  Imt  hu- 
man labor  is  cheap.  Men  pull  barges  along  the  canals 
and  rivers,  carry  heavy  burdens  on  their  backs,  and 
transport  freight  and  passengers  on  great  wheelbarrows, 
from  one  city  to  another. 

The  Chinese  have  had 
many  absurd  customs.  For 
example,  the  women  of  the 
higher  classes  have  had  their 
feet  bound  into  a deformed 
shape,  in  order  to  make  them 
appear  smaller.  But  such 
practices  are  now  discouraged 
by  the  government  and  are 
gradually  passing  away. 

The  ordinary  Chinese  house 
is  made  of  mud,  with  a 
thatched  roof.  In  the  large 
cities,  of  which  there  are 
many,  most  of  the  houses  are 
of  one  story  and  are  closely 
crowded  together.  Many  of 

the  streets  are  mere  alleys  from  four  to  eight  feet 
wude,  and  are  so  crowded  with  people  that  it  is  often 
necessary  for  persons  to  step  into  the  doorways  of  shops 
to  permit  others  to  pass.  Thousands  of  people  spend 
their  lives  in  house-boats  on  rivers  and  canals. 

1.  Name  all  the  bodies  of  water  along  the  coast  of  China. 

2.  Name  the  countries  that  border  on  the  Chinese  Empire. 

3.  Wliat  large  island  lies  south  of  the  eastern  part  of  China? 


Chinese  Girl  with  Small  Feet 


6S 


ASIA 


■1.  Ill  wliat  direction  from  China  are  the  riiilipi:>ine  Islands? 

Ahoiit  how  far  is  it  across  the  sea  from  Alanila  to  Canton? 

(i.  Wliat  large  island  lies  east  of  China  and  nortli  of  tlie  riiilij'pines  ? 
V.  Aliout  how  far  is  it  from  the  British  jiossession  of  AVeihaiwei  to 
the  Cerman  possession  of  Kiauchau? 

8.  Xaine  a city  of  the  United  States  about  as  far  north  as  Peking. 

!).  Xame  a city  of  tlie  United  States  that  has  about  the  same  latitude 
as  the  port  of  Shanghai. 

10.  Sketch  a map  of  Cliina,  and  write  the  names  of  the  outlying  prov- 
inces in  tlieir  proper  locations. 


Chinese  Modes  of  Punishment 

8.  Chinese  Industries 

The  chief  wealth  of  this  great  empire  consists  in 
its  agricnltural  land.  The  climate  and  soil  are  generally 
favorable  for  crops,  and  in  the  densely  populated  re- 
gions every  acre  available  is  utilized,  even  to  the  v^ery 
summits  of  the  mountains.  The  rich  soil  of  the  great 
plains  and  river  valleys  of  the  eastern  portion  is  of  a 
3’ellow  color,  and  is  called  loess.  Much  of  it  consists 


CHINESE  INDUSTRIES 


69 


of  mud  deposited  bj  the  rivers.  Such  deposits  have  raised 
the  bed  of  the  Hoaug,  or  Yellow,  River,  so  that  its  bauks 
are  higher  than  the  surroimdiug  laud,  like  the  banks  of 
the  lower  Mississippi  and  some  other  rivers.  The  Hoang 
has  sometimes  overflowed  and  drowned  thousands  of 
23eople.  The  mouth  of  this  river  was  formerly  near  that 
of  the  Yangtse,  but  not  long  ago  it  broke  through  its 
banks  and  took  a new  course  into  the  Gulf  of  Pechili. 


Farm  Laborers  near  Shanghai 


A large  proportion  of  the  Chinese  are  farmers.  They 
are  very  industrious.  Tlie  division  of  the  land  among 
so  many  gives  each  family  hardly  more  than  a 
mere  garden,  but  through  industry  and  skillful  cultiva- 
tion it  is  made  to  yield  large  crops.  Most  of  the  farm 
work  is  done  l^y  hand.  In  the  southern  section  the 
water  buffalo  is  used  for  some  kinds  of  v/ork,  and  some- 
times donkej's  are  kept  on  the  farms,  but  often  plows  in 
the  fields  are  drawn  fjy  men. 

M'herever  there  is  not  sufficient  rain,  irrigation  is  em- 
ployed. Y'ater  for  the  purpose  is  often  raised  from  the 


70 


ASIA 


rivers  or  canals  by  crude  water  wheels,  turned  l>y  buffa- 
loes or  ])y  men. 

One  of  the  cluef  sonrces  of  income  for  the  Chinese 
is  the  cnltnre  of  mulberry  trees  in  the  warm  valleys, 

and  the  j^ro- 
dnction  of  silk. 
The  conntry 
produces  about 
one  half  of  all 
the  raw  silk  of 
the  world.  The 
wealthy  classes 
of  tlie  Chinese 
wear  much  silk 
which  is  mann- 
factnred  on 
hand  looms  in 
the  home  s. 
About  one  half 
of  the  silk  prod- 
nct  of  the 
conntry  is  exported  to  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

ddie  masses  of  the  peo})le  dress  in  cotton.  A great 
amount  is  required  for  so  many  millions.  Nearly  every 
farmer  raises  cotton,  and  cloth  for  the  family  is  made 
from  it  l)y  the  women  of  the  honsehold.  Besides  what 
is  groAvn  in  the  conntry,  mnch  raw  cotton  and  many 
cotton  goods  are  imported.  The  supply  for  the  south- 
ern part  of  China  has  come  mainly  from  Great  Brit- 
ain, and  that  for  the  northern  part  from  the  United 
States. 


Copyright  by  Keystone  View  Co. 

Reeling  Silk  from  Cocoons 


CHINESE  INDUSTRIES 


71 


The  principal  food  of  southern  China  is  rice,  which 
is  cultivated  on  the  lowlands  near  the  coast.  In  the 
Yangtse  River  valley  a vast  amount  is  raised.  The 
crop  is  all  needed  to  feed  the  people  at  home,  hence 
the  export  of  rice  is  forbidden  by  law. 

Tea  is  raised  on  the  hillsides  and  in  the  warm  valleys 
of  the  south.  Where  the  climate  is  very  warm,  tea 
plants  are  often  grown  in  the  shade  of  mulberry  trees. 


Planting  Rice 


Tea  is  the  common  beverage  of  the  Chinese,  and  most 
of  the  surplus  is  exported  to  Russia  and  the  United 
States.  Haukau  and  Fuchau  are  great  tea  centers.  In 
the  vicinity  of  these  cities  many  thousands  are  engaged 
in  picking  the  leaves,  assorting  them,  firing  ” them, 
and  packing  them  in  chests  for  the  market.  At  Han- 
kau  much  tea  is  prepared  in  the  form  of  bricks  for  the 
Russian  market.  The  leaves  are  crushed  and  moistened, 
and  then  pressed  in  molds.  The  bricks  are  then  carried 
on  camels  far  away  to  the  north  and  west. 

In  the  north,  where  rice  does  not  thrive,  millet  is 


72 


ASIA 


the  chief  food,  hut  the  wheat  ero})  is  increasing  in  im- 
portance. The  province  of  Shantung,  in  the  valley  of 
the  Hoang  River,  resembles  tlie  prairie  regions  of  the 
United  States.  lieat  and  ndllet  are  tlie  great  crops. 
Grain  is  still  nsnally  threshed  l)y  a stone  roller,  drawn 
))y  an  ox,  or  by  the  tramping  of  men  and  women.  Witli 
tlie  introdnetion  of  American  farm  macliinery  Shautnng 
will  become  a source  of  immense  wealth. 


Plow  Team,  China 


One  of  the  industries  of  China,  of  which,  the  better 
classes  are  l)y  no  means  proud,  is  the  production  of  opium. 
A great  amount,  also,  is  imported  from  India.  The  his- 
tory of  the  opium  traffic  is,  in  the  ojjinion  of  many,  a blot 
u])on  the  reputation  of  Great  Britain.  Opium  is  profit- 
ably ])rodnced  in  India,  China  is  the  greatest  market  for 
it,  and  the  British  government  obtains  a large  income  Ijy 
controlling  the  trade.  In  the  year  1840  the  Chinese  en- 
deavored to  prevent  the  British  from  importing  opium 
into  their  country.  A great  quantity  was  finally  thrown 


CHINESE  INDUSTRIES 


73 


into  the  water  from  the  decks  of  British  ships,  as  tea 
was  once  thrown  overboard  from  British  ships  in  Boston 
harbor.  This  refusal  to  receive  the  opium  brought  on  a 
war  Ijetween  Great  Britain  and  China,  and  since  that  time 
the  British  have  carried  on  the  trade  without  restraint. 

Crude  opiiun  is  produced  in  China  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  India.  It  is  a difficult  process  to  prepare  crude 


opium  Traders,  Shanghai 


opium  for  smoking.  The  Chinese  prepare  not  onl}"  their 
own  product,  but  also  most  of  that  which  is  imported 
from  India.  When  the  process  is  completed,  the  prod- 
uct is  in  the  form  of  thick  sirup  and  is  put  up  in  jars. 
It  is  exceedingly  (>ostly,  and  all  the  operatives  of  an 
opium  factory  are  carefully  searched  before  they  leave. 

The  Chinese  people  have  expended  more  than  one 
hundred  million  dollars  a year  for  opium.  The  habit  of 
smokiim:  it  is  one  of  their  chief  vices.  The  better  classes 
and  the  government  officials  are  much  opposed  to  the 


74 


ASIA 


production  and  use  of  it,  and  i]i  connection  with  the 
recent  spirit  of  inform,  edicts  have  been  issued  providing 
for  a gradual  induction  of  the  amount  produced,  and 
forbidding  the  employment  of  opium  users  in  the 
government  service.  Probaldy  Great  Britain  will  assist 
by  reducing  the  amount  shipjied  into  China  from  India. 

ddie  canal  system  of  China  has  been  the  greatest  in 
the  world.  The  Grand  Canal,  which  extends  from 


Grand  Canal  at  Ping  Wong 


Ilangchau  to  Peking  and  Tientsin,  a distance  of  about 
one  thousand  miles,  was  constructed  more  than  four 
hundred  years  ago.  Many  smaller  canals  extend  from 
the  Grand  Canal,  and  still  smaller  ones  from  these. 

Besides  providing  a vast  amount  of  transportation, 
the  canals  serve  many  other  useful  purposes.  They 
yield  large  rpiautities  of  hsli,  for  which  the  rice  fields, 
when  Hooded,  are  convenient  hatching  o-roimds.  Mud 
from  the  bottom  of  the  canals  is  used  on  the  land  for  a 
fertilizer.  Reeds  that  grow  along  the  banks  provide 
material  for  basket  weaving. 

It  is  believed  that  China  contains  some  of  the  most 


CHINESE  INDUSTRIES 


75 


extensive  coal  fields  in  the  world.  It  has  been  estimated 
that  the  coal  already  discovered  would  be  sutficieut  to 
last  the  entire  world  for  a thousand  years.  But  this 
coal  will  be  of  little  value  until  railroatls  are  built  for 
transporting  it,  as  English  coal  is  still  imported.  The 
development  of  the  coal  mines  will  be  of  great  benefit 
to  the  country. 

There  are  but 
few  trees  to  yield 
fuel  or  timber. 

The  forests  that 
once  grew  have 
been  mostly  cut 
down  so  that 
there  might  be 
enough  cleared 
land  to  produce 
food  for  the  peo- 
ple. 

Articles  of 
Chinese  manu- 
facture that  are  common  in  America  show  the  natural 
industry  and  skill  of  the  Chinese  people.  The  manu- 
facture of  firecrackers  illustrates  their  patient  work. 
The  small  cylinders  are  formed  from  paper  and  tied 
in  bunches.  Clay  is  next  spread  over  one  end  and 
pressed  into  each  cylinder.  Then  powder  is  poured 
into  the  other  end  and  a fuse  inserted.  A China- 
man can  make  several  thousand  firecrackers  in  a 
day,  and  his  pay  for  the  day’s  work  is  only  a few 
cents. 


Wheelbarrow  with  Sail 


76 


ASIA 


Tlu'  making  of  pottery  is  an  art  in  which  the  Chinese 
have  excelled  fur  many  centnries.  V ery  line  clay  is  found 
in  that  country.  It  is  molded  on  a wheel  into  suitable 
forms,  and  then  the  articles  are  dried  in  the  sun,  dipped 
in  a li(pdd  to  give  them  a coat  of  glaze,  and  baked  in 
an  oven.  After  this  they  are  carefully  decorated. 


Peking,  the  capital  city  of  the  empire,  is  surrounded 
by  a wall  twenty-live  miles  long,  thirty  feet  high,  and 
twenty  feet  thick.  One  section,  called  the  Imperial 
City,  is  iiiclosed  lyy  another  high  wall.  The  Imperial 
City  contains  the  residences  of  the  olhcials  and  the  pul> 
lic  buildings.  It  is  said  that  there  are  four  thousand 
walled  cities  in  China.  The  streets  are  generally  un- 
attractive. Some  of  the  large  cities,  however,  have 
special  (piarters  for  the  residences  of  foreigners,  and 
the.se  quarters  I'esemble  Eui’opeau  and  American  cities. 

A itiiin  a few  years  conditions  in  China  will  doidjtless 


CHINESE  INDUSTRIES 


77 


be  greatly  cliaiigeil.  Tlie  increase  of  foreign  trade  and 
the  encouragement  given  by  the  Cliinese  government 
will  hasten  the  introduction  of  western  ideas. 

It  is  a satisfaction  to  the  Anmrican  people  to  know 
that  w^e  have  had  much  to  do  wnth  the  improvement  of 
conditions  in  China.  For  many  years  American  mission- 


street  Scene  in  Peking 


aides  have  been  seeking  to  enlighten  the  Chinese  people. 
Since  the  time  when  the  danger  arose  that  China  wmnld 
be  divided  among  the  nations  of  Europe,  America  has 
insisted  upon  retaining  the  integrity  of  China,”  and 
upon  the  policy  of  the  “ o]ien  door.”  This  means  that 
the  empire  shall  not  he  divided,  and  that  it  shall  he 
open  to  the  trade  of  all  nations.  Because  of  this,  and 
hecanse  the  Chinese  understand  that  we  have  never 
sought  to  obtain  any  of  their  territory,  they  are  the 


78 


ASIA 


more  friendly  to  us  and  the  more  disposed  to  trade  with 
us.  We  now  sell  more  cotton  goods  i]i  China  than  are 
sold  there  by  all  other  countries  condjined.  We  also 
sell  a great  amount  of  keroseiie,  flour,  lumber,  and 
many  locomotives. 


House-boats  in  the  River  at  Canton 


1.  AMiy  does  not  China  liave  food snp2:>lies  to  sell  to  other  countries? 

2.  Why  do  the  Chinese  need  to  ini[>ort  lumber? 

3.  ^Vhy  does  it  cost  a great  deal  to  send  goods  to  many  2>arts  of 
China  ? 

4.  There  is  good  iron  ore  in  China.  Give  reasons  why  the  iron 
industi'y  has  not  been  developed. 

5.  IMost  of  the  American  trade  with  China  is  through  the  ports  of 
Canton  and  Shanghai.  About  how  far  ai:iart  are  these  jiorts  ? 

(j.  Slianghai  is  the  commercial  center  of  northern  China.  It  now 
has  a unniber  of  large  cotton  mills.  It  is  near  the  moutli  of  what  river? 

7.  In  what  direction  from  Shanghai  is  Peking? 

(S.  There  is  a railroad  from  Peking  to  Ilankau.  About  how  long  is  it  ? 

0.  Tientsin  is  the  i>ort  of  Peking.  In  what  direction  from  Peking 
is  it  ? 

10.  Name  the  three  largest  Chinese  cities  in  the  order  of  their  pojni- 
lation- 

11.  Sketch  a map  of  China  jirojicr,  showing  the  most  imj^ortant 
rivers  and  cities,  and  the  names  of  the  bodies  of  water  along  the  coast. 


REMOTE  PROVINCES  AND  COUNTRIES  79 


9.  Remote  Provinces  and  Smaller  Countries 


The  great  provinces  of  the  Chinese  Empire  outside 
of  China  proper  are  inhabited  by  people  akin  to  the 
Chinese,  but  in  their  government  they  are  mostly  in- 
dependent. 

The  greater  part  of  the  province  of  Tibet  is  a plateau, 
more  than  two  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is 
the  highest  plateau 
in  the  world.  It 
is  not  an  inviting 
region.  In  some 
parts  of  the  year 
the  climate  is  very 
dry,  though  five 
great  rivers  rise 
there. 

The  Tibetans 
are  Buddhists  and 
are  very  religious. 

The  priests  are 
their  rulers.  They 
regard  their  capi- 
tal, Lassa,  as  a 
sacred  city,  and 
guard  it  v^ery  care- 
fully against  for- 
eigners. But  few  white  people  have  ever  l)een  permitted 
to  enter  within  tlie  walls  of  Lassa. 

These  people  have  large  herds  of  yaks,  wdiich  are  ani- 
mals somewhat  like  cows,  wdth  humps  on  their  backs. 


Tibetan  Merchants 


80 


ASIA 


The  Tibetans  export  some  gold,  silver,  salt,  and  wool, 
and  carry  on  a caravan  trade  'with  China  and  India. 

Eastern  Turkestan,  or  Chinese  Turkestan,  is  mostly  a 
sandy  desert  inhabited  l)y  wandering  herdsmen. 

Mongolia  includes  the  great  Desert  of  Gobi.  Its 
jjeople  are  wandering  tribes  of  herdsmen.  They  own 
many  camels,  horses,  and  sheep. 


Palace  of  the  Grand  Lama  at  Lassa 


Manchuria  is  rich  in  natural  resources.  It  contains 
great  timber  forests,  valuable  minerals,  and  large  tracts 
of  level,  fertile  land.  It  is  about  as  far  north  as  our 
states  of  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota,  and  is  larger 
than  the  state  of  Texas.  The  rainfall  is  sufficient,  and 
the  climate  is  healthful.  At  present  the  chief  products 
are  wheat,  lumber,  and  live  stock.  Mauclinria  resembles 
Canada  in  the  nature  and  extent  of  its  undeveloped 
wealth.  It  has  been  brought  the  more  into  public  no- 
tice because  of  tlie  recent  war  l^etween  Russia  and  Japan, 
the  greatest  Ijattles  of  which  were  fought  in  Manchuria. 
The  province  continues  to  belong  to  the  Chinese  Em- 


REMOTE  PROVINCES  AND  COUNTRIES  81 


pire,  although  the  Japanese  have  a great  interest  in 
its  development. 

The  whole  region  south  of  China  proper  and  east  of 
India  is  known  as  Indo-China.  It  contains  great  jun- 
gles, with  many  tigers,  elephants,  and  poisonous  snakes. 
The  central  portion  consists  of  the  independent  king- 
dom of  Siam.  This  is  a very  warm  country.  Its  low 


Royal  Palace  at  Bangkok 


river  valleys  are  densely  populated.  The  chief  crop  is 
rice.  This  is  almost  the  only  food  of  both  men  and  ani- 
mals, and  much  of  it  is  exported.  A great  amount  of 
teak  timber,  also,  is  exported.  Many  canals  from  the 
rivers  extend  across  the  lowlands,  and  in  the  wet  season 
these  overflow,  and  large  sections  of  the  country  are 
flooded.  The  people  then  travel  about  in  boats.  xA 
large  number  live  in  house-boats  during  the  entire  year. 
In  the  single  city  of  Bangkok  more  than  half  a million 
people  live  in  house-boats.  The  King  of  Siam  is  rich, 
but  most  of  the  people  are  very  poor  and  ignorant. 
Like  the  Chinese,  they  belong  to  the  Mongolian  Race. 

French  Indo-China  belongs  to  France.  It  is  one  of  the 


82 


ASIA 


must  im])ortaut  and  successful  of  the  French  colonies, 
and  the  French  have  done  much  to  improve  it.  It  is 
like  Siam  in  its  climate  and  resources.  It  produces  rice 
and  teak  lumber,  and  a small  amount  of  cotton. 

The  middle  portion  of  the  long,  narrow  strip  of  the 
i\Ialay  Peninsula,  l)etween  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the 
China  Sea,  is  called  the  Malay  States.  It  consists  of  a 


Street  in  Singapore 


numlter  of  small  states  under  rulers  called  rajahs.  Be- 
sides prodiicts  common  to  other  parts  of  Indo-China, 
these  states  contain  valuable  forests  of  hardwood  trees. 

The  Straits  Settlements,  which  consist  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  the  small  islands  near, 
are  a colony  of  Great  Britain.  Tin  is  the  most  valuable 
product  of  the  region.  About  one  half  of  the  tin  used 
in  the  United  States  for  making  tin  plate  comes  from 
Singapore,  where  the  tin  of  the  Settlements  is  smelted 
in  the  largest  tin-smelting  works  in  the  world. 

Singapore  is  a great  commercial  port  of  southern  Asia. 
All  the  large  ships  passing  east  and  west  through  the 


REMOTE  PROVINCES  AND  COUNTRIES  83 


Strait  of  Malacca  stop  there.  Besides  tin,  we  obtain 
from  Singapore  pepper  and  other  spices  that  grow  on  the 
neighboring  islands.  Pepper  berries  grow  upon  climbing 
shrubs.  Black  pepper  is  made  from  unripe  berries  and 
white  pepper  from  ripe  ones. 

The  island  of  Hongkong  came  into  the  possession  of 
Great  Britain  in  1841  as  a result  of  the  ‘‘  Opium  War.” 
It  is  only  aljont  eleven  miles  long  and  two  or  three  miles 


Victoria  and  Harbor  at  Hongkong 


wide.  It  consists  mostl}^  of  rocky  hills  and  cliffs,  but  it 
has  become  a center  of  great  importance  in  the  com- 
merce of  the  world.  The  port  of  Victoria  upon  that 
island  is  a distributing  center  for  the  commerce  of  all 
countries.  Ships  from  all  parts  of  the  world  and  people 
from  almost  every  country  are  to  be  seen  at  its  docks. 
In  some  recent  years  this  has  been  the  leading  port  of 
the  world  in  the  amount  of  its  commerce. 

1.  "What  country  is  south  of  Tibet? 

2.  In  wliat  part  of  Tibet  is  Lassa? 

3.  The  chief  cities  of  Manchuria  are  iMukden  and  Harbin.  About 
how  far  apart  are  they? 


84 


ASIA 


4.  AVhat  country  consists  of  the  large  peninsula  southeast  of  INIan- 
churiaV 

5.  In  what  part  of  Siam  is  the  chief  city  of  that  country? 

G.  Tn  what  part  of  French  Iiulo-China  is  the  port  of  Saigon  ? 

7.  What  large  island  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Strait  of  INIalacca 
from  the  Straits  Settlements? 

8.  Near  what  large  Chinese  port  is  the  island  of  Hongkong? 

9.  In  what  direction  from  Singairore  is  Hongkong? 

1(1.  About  how  long  is  the  voyage  from  Singapore  to  Hongkong? 

11.  Al)out  how  far  is  it  from  Aden  to  Singapore? 

I'i.  Sketch  a map  of  French  Tndo-China,  Siam,  and  the  Malay  Feiiiu- 
sula,  locating  the  important  cities  and  towns. 


Malays  weaving  Wickerwork 


10.  Japan 

Tlie  Empire  of  Japan  consists  of  a long  group,  or 
chain,  of  islands  at  some  distance  from  the  eastern 
coast  of  Asia.  It  includes  several  large  islands  and  a 
great  number  of  small  ones,  the  entire  number  being 
nearly  four  thousand.  Many  of  the  small  islands,  how- 
ever, are  of  little  importance.  The  chain  extends  from 
northeast  to  southwest  for  about  two  thousand  miles. 


JAPAN 


85 


Like  many  other  groups  of  islands,  these  are  chiefly  of 
volcanic  origin.  Every  year  Japan  has  as  many  as  fifty 
earthquake  shocks  that  are  severe  enough  to  be  notice- 
able. It  is  not  often  that  great  damage  is  done  by  these 
earthquakes,  ]jut  care  is  taken  to  build  the  houses  so 
that  they  will  not  be  shaken  down. 


Festival  in  Japan 

Japan  is  similar  to  the  British  Isles  in  respect  to  size, 
population,  and  climate.  The  surrounding  waters  modify 
the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  The  monsoons  bring 
rain  in  summer  and  rain  or  snow  in  winter.  Since, 
however,  the  empire  extends  through  so  many  degrees 
of  latitude,  there  is  a wide  difference  between  the 
climate  of  the  far  north  and  that  of  the  south.  Formosa 
has  a warm  climate,  Init  Yezo  is  for  Japan  somewhat  like 
Alaska  for  us.  Its  inhabitants  are  called  Ainos.  They 
lead  lives  similar  to  those  of  the  natives  of  Alaska. 


8G 


ASIA 


The  islands  of  Japan  were  long  ago  occupied  by  people 
of  the  Mongolian  llace,  wlio  were  much  like  the  in- 
habitants of  the  mainland  of  Asia.  Separation  from 
other  countries  was  favoralJe  for  improvement  and  for 
the  development  of  a strong  and  united  nation,  as  it 
was  for  the  early  progress  of  the  English  people. 

The  Japanese  were  like  the  Chinese  in  their  opposi- 
tion to  foreigners,  hut  in  the  year  185o  Commodore 


Japanese  Shrine 


Perry,  with  United  States  warshijjs,  entered  the  harbor 
of  Yokohama  and  explained  to  the  leaders  some  of  the 
im})rovements  of  civilized  nations.  The  result  was  that 
the  Japanese  opened  their  ports  to  foreign  trade. 

The  strength  of  this  empire  and  its  importance  among 
the  nations  are  not  to  ))e  measured  by  tlie  size  of  its 
islands,  l)ut  l)y  the  number  and  character  of  the  people. 
The  combined  area  of  the  islands  is  about  equal  to  that 
of  California,  but  the  Japanese  people  nund^er  about  one 
half  as  many  as  those  of  the  whole  United  States. 


JAPAN 


87 


The  enterprise  and  efficiency  of  these  people  have 
been  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  world  by  their 
success  in  conflicts  witli  other  nations.  The  fact  that 
they  defeated  the  Chinese  in  1805  was  an  illustration 
of  the  weakness  of  a vast  einjjire  that  still  adhered  to 
the  worn-out  ways  of  the  past,  in  comparison  with  a 


Fujiyama 

small  nation  that  had  come  into  touch  with  the  im- 
provements of  the  present  age. 

The  result  of  the  great  war  wdth  Russia  in  1905  was 
a surprise  to  the  world,  and  gave  Japan  a place  among 
the  most  powerful  modern  nations.  In  their  determina- 
tion to  reach  ports  on  the  open  sea,  the  Russians  had 
turned  then’  attention  toward  the  Pacific,  and  had  ex- 
tended their  railroad  to  Vladivostok  and  Port  Arthur. 
It  appeared  to  be  their  purpose  to  gain  control  of  ports 


88 


ASIA 


on  the  Pacific  coast  and  to  secure  a large  anioimt  of 
Chinese  territory.  The  Japanese  believed  tliat  if  this 
should  take  place,  they  themselves  iniglit  become  de- 
pendent upon  Russia.  They  therefore  declared  war  foi' 
the  pur])ose  of  defending  their  national  existence  and 
that  of  the  Chinese.  Through  tlieir  success  a check  Avas 
])laced  upon  the  amljition  of  Jxussia,  and  Japan  became 


Japanese  Toy  Store 


the  leading  poAver  in  tliat  part  of  the  Avorld.  This  Avar 
established  the  fact  that  the  Japanese  are  good  soldiers. 
They  are  very  ])atriotic  and  liave  little  fear  of  death. 
The  oliicers  sIioav  great  forethouglit  in  all  tlieir  prejiara- 
tioiis  for  Avar. 

These  people  still  retain  many  interesting  and  pe- 
culiar Avays,  and  the  mixture  of  the  old  Avith  the  ueAv 
often  presents  a strange  spectacle.  Althongli  the  uses 
of  electricity  and  other  late  improvements  are  common 
among  them,  they  still  employ  many  men,  instead  of 
draft  animals,  to  draav  A^ehicles  and  carry  burdens. 


JAPAN 


89 


The  success  of  the  Japanese  as  a nation  is  partly  due 
to  the  great  care  bestowed  ujjon  the  training  and  edu- 
cation of  their  children.  They  are  naturally  fond  of 
children,  and  provide  them  when  very  young  with  a 
great  variety  of  toys.  Education  in  the  schools  is  com- 
pulsory. School  children  in  that  country  leave  their 


Japanese  School  Children 


wooden  shoes,  or  sandals,  outside  the  door,  and  sit  on 
floor  mats  in  their  stockings  to  do  their  school  work. 
Japanese  pupils  have  great  difticulties  to  contend  with, 
in  comparison  with  yonng  Americans.  Fifteen  hundred 
years  ago  the  Japanese  adopted  the  Chinese  method  of 
writing,  and  have  kept  it  ever  since.  There  are  forty- 
seven  characters  in  their  alphabet,  and  besides  these, 
thousands  of  word  signs  must  be  committed  to  memory. 

The  Japanese  are  now  thinking  of  adopting  the 


90 


ASIA 


Roman  alpbaljet  of  western  nations  in  place  of  their 
chnnsy  system,  llinulreds  of  Japanese  students  are  pur- 
suing tlieir  studies  in  Europe  and  America,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  home  to  Japan  the  best  ideas  of  the 
enlightened  nations  of  the  world. 

The  religious  ideas  and  feelings  of  the  Japanese  are 
almost  as  mixed  as  are  those  of  the  Chinese.  Tlieir  old- 


Shinto  Priests 


est  religion  is  called  Shintoism,  and  consists  of  the  wor- 
ship of  distinguished  ancestors ; hut  the  more  common 
religion  is  Buddhism.  Shrines  and  temples  are  very 
numerous  throughout  the  country. 

The  Japanese  are  great  lovers  of  nature.  They  are 
proud  of  their  beautiful  mountain  scenery,  and  espe- 
cially of  their  volcano,  Fujiyama,  which  they  regard  as 
sacred.  They  are  especially  fond  of  flowers,  and  trees 
and  flowers  are  cultivated  everywhere. 

Most  of  the  Japanese  till  the  soil,  but  since  only  a 


JAPAN 


91 


small  part  of  their  land  is  suitable  for  cultivation,  tlie 
farms  are  not  large.  They  furnisli  an  example  of  the 
effect  of  careful  methods  in  amaculture.  From  land 

O 

that  is  no  greater  in  area  than  one  of  our  smaller 
states  the  Japanese  produce  enough  food  to  support 
forty  or  fifty  million  people. 


Silk,  rice,  and  tea  are  the  leading  products  of  the 
country.  Japanese  silk  is  noted  for  the  strength  of  its 
fiber,  and  is  especially  used  for  the  manufacture  of  rib- 
bons and  laces.  Tea  raised  on  Japanese  hillsides  is  of  a 
fine  quality.  In  common  with  the  Chinese  and  other 
Asiatic  peoples,  the  Japanese  make  rice  the  leading 
article  of  their  diet. 

The  forests  of  the  mountain  slopes  supply  excellent 
timber.  A kind  of  cypress,  called  the  lacquer  tree,  is 
used  in  making  furniture  and  lacquer  ware.  From  the 


92 


ASIA 


sap  (A’  tliis  tree  a substance  is  prepared  that  produces  a 
very  line  polish. 

'Idle  lisli  industry  is  of  great  importance.  Besides 
the  fish  tliat  are  ol)tained  for  food,  large  quantities  are 
used  to  fertilize  tlie  land.  iMiicli  fisliiny:  is  done  with 

•TO 

l)irds  called  cormora-nts.  'Fhese  are  trained  to  dive  into 
the  water  and  l)ring  the  fisli  to  their  owners. 

O 


Japanese  Dwelling  House 


Japan  contains  much  coal,  and  ranks  among  the 
leading  countries  in  the  production  of  copper.  It  also 
produces  a great  amount  of  petroleum. 

INIucli  imumfacturiug  is  still  done  in  Japanese  homes, 
but  factories  are  being  rapidly  built  and  equipped  with 
machinery  for  the  manufacture  of  silk  and  cotton  goods. 
Much  paper  of  fine  quality  is  made  in  Japan.  It  is  used 
for  paper  napkins  and  other  articles.  The  country  has 
many  advantages  for  manufacturing.  Tlie  people  are 
naturally  skillful,  and  labor  is  cheap.  There  is  sufiicient 


JAPAN 


93 


coal,  and  it  is  easy  to  obtain  ra^v  materials  from  other 
coimtrics  to  add  to  those  produced  at  home. 

The  capital  and  largest  city  is  Tokio.  It  contains 
the  home  of  the  Emperor,  or  Mikado,  and  many  govern- 
ment buildings.  Its  houses  are  mostly  of  wood  and 
only  one  story 
high,  so  that 
the}^  may  stand 
the  shock  of 
earthquakes. 

Yokohama 
was  only  a lish- 
iiio;  villa  ore 
when  Commo- 
dore Perry  first 
entered  its  har- 
bor. Since  it 
is  at  the  mouth 
of  the  bay  lead- 
ing to  Tokio 
and  has  a l)et- 
ter  harbor  than 
that  city,  it  is 
an  important 
port. 

Osaka,  the  second  city  in  size,  is  Ijecoming  a center 
for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods.  Its  mills  are 
equipped  with  machinery  from  America.  Some  cotton 
is  raised  in  Japan,  but  it  is  of  a short-stapled  variety, 
and  American  cotton  is  imported  and  mixed  with  it  to 
increase  the  strength  of  the  goods. 

O O 


Business  Street  in  Tokio 


94 


ASIA 


Nagasaki  is  on  a laud-locked,  or  inoiintaiu-locked, 
liar])or.  There  are  coal  fields  conveniently  near,  and 
the  great  shipyards  of  the  country  are  located  there. 
Most  of  the  commerce  betweeii  Jajmn  and  China  passes 
through  that  }>ort. 

The  island  of  Formosa  formerly  belonged  to  China, 
but  was  ceded  to  Japan  in  18'J5.  The  inhabitants  are 


mostly  Chinese,  ))ut  there  are  also  al)out  one  hundred 
thousand  savages,  called  “ head-hunters,”  Avho  are 
supposed  to  be  descendants  of  the  original  Formosans. 
The  Japanese  are  making  many  improvements  in  this 
island.  They  have  established  schools,  Iniilt  hundreds 
of  miles  of  railroad,  and  introduced  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone lines. 

F(jrmosa  tea  is  well  known  throughout  the  United 
States,  to  which  it  is  exported  in  large  quantities. 


JAPAN 


95 


Nearly  all  of  the  world’s  supply  of  camphor  comes 
from  Formosa.  Camphor  trees  resemble  oaks.  They 
are  usually  left  in  the  forests  until  they  are  very  old  and 
large.  They  are  then  cut  down  and  chopped  into  chips 
that  are  boiled  until  the  sap  passes  out  of  the  wood 
and  rises  in  the  form  of  vapor.  Tiie  vapor  passes  through 
tubes  in  which  it  is  cooled  and  condensed.  It  is  then 


Japanese  Kitchen 

a kind  of  oil  mixed  with  camphor.  The  oil  is  pressed 
out,  and  the  camphor  is  ready  for  the  market. 

The  southern  half  of  the  island  of  Sakhalin  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  Japanese  at  the  close  of  the  war 
with  Russia.  Its  chief  value  lies  in  the  abundance  of 
fish  in  its  rivers  and  in  the  waters  around  its  coast. 

The  peninsula  of  Korea  projects  from  the  mainland 
of  Asia  toward  tlie  Japanese  islands.  It  has  recently 
attracted  much  attention.  Korea  is  known  as  the  “ Her- 
mit Nation,”  because  its  people  have  preferred  to  have 


ASIA 


!)() 

little  to  do  with  the  outside  world.  The  Koreans  have 
had  a national  existence  since  very  ancient  times,  and 
l)ecaiise  they  have  not  been  subject  to  the  influence  of 
foreigners,  they  have  retained  many  peculiar  customs. 
The  ])eople  are  notably  large  and  strong.  They  have 
been  in  the  hal)it  of  doing  the  work  that  in  most  coun- 


Korean  Farm  House 


tries  is  done  by  lower  animals,  even  to  a greater  extent 
than  the  Ohinese  and  the  Japanese.  Different  classes 
among  the  Koreans  are  known  by  their  dress.  Many 
Avear  long  gowns  and  very  large  hats. 

Since  the  Avar  with  Russia,  Korea  has  been  virtually 
a possession  of  Japan.  The  Koreans  have  strongly  re- 
sented such  foreign  interference,  but  they  are  becoming 
acquainted  with  the  beneflts  of  modern  Avays. 

Tlie  Japanese  are  rapidly  increasing  their  commerce 
Avith  foreign  countries.  They  have  numerous  steamship 
lines  to  various  parts  of  the  Avorld.  We  import  from 
Japan  raAV  silk,  silk  goods,  tea,  camphor,  crockery,  and 
mats,  Ijesides  many  articles  of  minor  importance.  We 


JAPAN 


97 


1.  AVitbiii  what  parallels  of  latitude  do  the  Japanese  islands  lie  ? 

2.  What  is  the  name  of  the  largest  island  of  Japan  ? 

3.  What  chain  of  small  islands  lies  between  Formosa  and  the  central 
group  of  large  islands  ? 

4.  About  how  far  is  it  across  the  strait  that  separates  Japan  from 
Korea  ? 

5.  Name  some  American  cities  that  are  in  about  the  same  latitude 
as  Tokio. 

6.  Texas  cot- 
ton .is  sent  to 
Osaka  from  San 
Diego,  Califor- 
nia. Why  is  it 
sent  from  that 
port  rather  than 
from  San  Fran- 
cisco ? 

7.  About 
how  far  is  Osaka 
from  Yokohama? 

8.  L a r g e 
quantities  of  tea 
and  raw  silk  are 
produced  in  tlie 
vicinity  of  Kioto. 

AVhat  is. the  near- 
est port  to  Kioto 
from  which  these  Japanese  Women  Weaving 

goods  maybe  shipped  to  America? 

9.  In  what  direction  is  the  port  of  Kobe  from  Yokohama? 

10.  Port  Artliirr  was  taken  by  tlie  Japanese  in  the  war  with 
Russia.  About  how  far  is  it  from  the  naval  station  at  Nagasaki? 

11.  Sketch  an  outline  map  of  the  largest  islands  of  Japan  and 
locate  the  important  cities. 


send  back  in  exchange  wheat,  hour,  iron,  steel,  leather, 
and  kerosene. 


98 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


REVIEW 

1.  Describe  the  physical  features  of  Cliina. 

2.  Explain  the  climate  of  China. 

3.  Of  \vhat])arts  does  the  Chinese  Empire  consist? 

4.  Tell  about  the  Chinese  people. 

5.  Tell  about  the  Chinese  who  have  conie  to  America. 
<i.  How  many  people  are  there  in  China? 

7.  A\'hat  (lid  the  Chinese  accomplish  in  ancient  times? 

8.  Describe  the  Great  Wall  of  Cliina. 

0.  Tell  about  the  Tartars  who  couqnei-ed  the  Chinese. 


Street  Scene,  Wo  So,  China 


10.  What  three  religions  are  common  in  China? 

11.  What  are  some  of  the  teachings  of  Confucianism? 

12.  AVhy  have  the  Chinese  been  opposed  to  changes  ? 

1 3.  AVhy  have  Chinese  workmen  been  opposed  to  the  use  of  machinery  ? 

14.  AA'hy  have  other  nations  become  stronger  than  the  Chinese  ? 

1.5.  For  what  special  reason  have  the  great  commercial  nations  been 
interested  in  China  ? 

10.  AAriiat  possessions  have  European  nations  gained  in  that  country? 
17.  Tell  about  recent  improvements  in  China. 

15.  Explain  the  system  of  education. 

19.  Tell  about  recent  changes  in  education. 

20.  Describe  the  government  of  China. 

21.  State  some  of  the  methods  of  performing  work  in  China. 

22.  Describe  the  homes  of  the  Chinese  people. 

23.  Tell  about  agriculture  in  China. 


REVIEW 


99 


24.  Tell  about  the  Hoang  River. 

2.5.  Tell  about  Chinese  farniiiig. 

26.  IIow  is  the  land  irrigated? 

27.  Describe  the  production  of  silk. 

28.  IIow  do  the  people  provide  themselves  with  clothing? 

29.  Tell  about  the  principal  food  of  the  Chinese  j)eople. 

30.  To  what  coun- 
tries is  much  Chinese 
tea  exported  ? 

31.  Explain  how 
“ brick  tea  ” is  prepared 
and  sent  to  market. 

32.  Describe  the 
province  of  Sliantung. 

33.  Give  an  account 
of  the  opium  traffic  in 
China. 

34.  What  is  the 
Chinese  government 
doing  to  prevent  the 
use  of  opium? 

35.  Tell  about  the 
Grand  Canal. 

36.  What  are  vari- 
ous advantages  of  the 
Chinese  canals? 

37.  Why  does  China 
import  coal  ? 

38.  How  are  fire- 
crackers manufactured? 

39.  How  is  pottery 
made  in  China? 

40.  Describe  the  city  of  Peking. 

41.  What  is  meant  by  the  “ integrity  of  China”  and  the  “ open  door  ”? 

42.  IVhy  are  the  Chinese  disposed  to  be  friendly  to  Americans? 

43.  What  goods  do  we  sell  in  China? 

44.  Describe  the  province  of  Tibet. 

45.  Tell  about  tlie  Tibetans. 

46.  What  are  the  industries  of  these  people? 

47.  Describe  eastern  Turkestan. 

48.  Tell  about  ilongolia  and  its  people. 

49.  "What  are  the  resources  of  Manchuria? 


100 


ASIA 


50.  Tell  about  its  location  and  climate. 

51.  Describe  Jndo-China. 

.52.  'Fell  about  the  people  and  industries  of  Siam. 

55.  Tell  about  the  city  of  llangkok. 

54.  Describe  French  Indo-China. 

55.  'Fell  about  the  IMalay  States. 

5(1.  Of  what  do  the  Straits  Settlements  consist? 

57.  Why  is  Singapore  a great  commercial  port? 

58.  How  is  pepper  produced? 

59.  De.scribe  the  island  of  Hongkong. 

00.  Tell  about  the  port  of  A'ictoria. 

01.  Of  what  does  the  Empire  of  Japan  consist? 

02.  Tell  about  eartlnpiakes  in  Japan. 

08.  In  what  respects  is  that  country  similar  to  the  British  Isles? 

04.  Tell  about  the  i.sland  of  Yezo. 

05.  Give  a brief  history  of  the  Jai^anese. 

06.  How  were  they  led  to  adopt  improvements? 

07.  Tell  about  the  density  of  the  population  of  -Japan. 

08.  Tell  about  the  success  of  the  Japanese  in  recent  wars. 

09.  Give  an  account  of  the  war  with  Russia. 

70.  Tell  about  some  of  tlie  present  customs  in  -Japan. 

71.  Describe  -Japanese  education. 

72.  Tell  about  the  religions  of  -Japan. 

78.  Tell  about  the  fondness  for  nature  among  the  -Japanese. 

74.  How  much  do  they  produce  from  their  small  amount  of  land 

75.  FYr  what  is  -Japanese  silk  especially  used  ? 

70.  What  are  the  uses  of  the  lac(pier  tree? 

77.  Explain  the  industry  of  fishing  in  Japan. 

78.  What  minerals  are  found  in  that  country? 

79.  Tell  about  -Jajianese  manufactures. 

80.  Describe  the  city  of  Tokio. 

81.  Why  has  Yokohama  Ireconie  an  important  port? 

82.  I'lxplain  the  chief  industry  of  Osaka. 

88.  What  are  the  advantages  of  Nagasaki? 

84.  Tell  about  the  island  of  F'ormosa. 

85.  How  is  camphor  jiroduceil  in  FYrinosa? 

86.  Of  what  value  is  the  i.sland  of  Sakhalin? 

87.  Why  is  Korea  called  the  “ Hermit  Nation  ” ? 

88.  Descrilie  the  Koreans. 

89.  What  is  the  relation  of  Korea  to  -Japan  ? 

90.  What  articles  do  we  import  from  Japan? 

91.  What  articles  do  we  export  to  that  country? 


AFRICA 


101 


II.  Africa 

Africa  is  the  largest  of  the  continents  excejit  Asia. 
It  is  rich  in  sources  of  wealth,  and  large  sections  of 
it  are  agreeable  and  healthful,  yet  it  has  been  the  latest 
of  all  the  continents  to  be  fully  explored  by  civilized 
people. 

Although  it  borders  upon  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on 
which  the  ships  of  civilized  nations  have  passed  to  and 
fro  since  ancient  times,  and  though  for  centuries  busy 
lines  of  commerce  liave  passed  around  it  to  the  south, 
sections  of  the  interior  have  only  very  recently  been  visited 
by  the  white  man.  The  explanation  of  this  fact  is  hnmd 
in  the  unusual  difficulties  to  be  encountered  in  entering 
and  traveling;  across  this  continent. 

Africa  has  no  great  chain  of  lofty  mountains,  like  those 
in  other  continents.  The  hig;h  mountains  are  scattered 
in  small  groups,  at  long  distances  from  one  another.  A 
large  part  of  the  land  is  a plateau,  having  a considerable 
elevation.  Around  the  border,  near  the  coast,  there  are 
ridges  of  hills  and  mountain  groups.  Inclosed  within 
these,  tlie  southern  part  and  portions  of  the  northern 
part  form  a continuous  tableland. 

The  lowlands  are  in  the  north,  in  the  great  river 
valleys  of  the  central  part,  and  along  the  borders  of  the 
plateau  between  the  ranges  of  hills  and  the  coast.  On 
account  of  the  high  elevation  near  the  coast,  several  of 
the  rivers,  instead  of  flowing  directly  toward  the  sea, 
make  circuitous  courses  about  the  interior  until  they 
reach  passages  through  the  bordering  ridges. 

Since  the  equator  passes  only  a little  south  of  central 


102 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


Africa,  about  two  thirds  of  the  continent  is  in  the  torrid 
zone,  where  twice  in  the  year  the  sun  at  noon  is  directly 
overhead.  Only  the  northern  and  southern  jjarts  are 
in  the  temperate  zones.  In  sections  of  the  central  part 
that  are  l)ut  little  elevated  above  sea  level  the  climate  is 
very  warm.  But  we  have  learned  that  temperature  de- 
pends u})on  elevation  as  well  as  upon  latitude,  and  can 
readily  understand  that  even  near  the  ecpiator  on  elevated 
plateaus  it  may  Ije  as  comfortable  as  in  the  temperate 
zones. 

In  the  equatorial  belt  of  calms  there  is  an  abundant 
rainfall.  In  general,  the  climate  here  coiaesponds  to  that 
in  the  valley  of  tlie  Amazon  Biver,  in  South  America. 
North  and  south  of  the  equator  are  alternate  periods  of 
wet  and  dry  weather  as  the  belt  of  calms  moves  north  and 
soutli  with  the  changing  seasons. 

Farther  south  the  southeast  trade  winds  bring  a sup- 
ply of  moisture,  lout  so  much  of  this  falls  among  the  hills 
and  highlands  of  the  east  that  regions  in  the  west  have 
an  arid  climate,  and  a section  near  the  western  coast  is  a 
Ijarren  desert.  In  the  north  the  northeast  trade  winds, 
liaving  passed  over  Europe  and  Asia,  instead  of  over 
the  ocean,  are  not  very  moist  wlien  they  reach  the  coast 
of  Africa.  They  are  also  warmed  in  their  passage  south, 
and  are  therefore  more  able  to  retain  their  moisture, 
and  so  pass  over  the  level  lowlands  without  producing 
much  rain.  This  explains  the  existence  of  the  Desert 
of  Sahara. 

Africa  has  been  called  the  “ Dark  Continent,”  partly, 
perhaps,  because  it  has  so  long  been  clothed  in  mystery, 
but  also  because  it  is  the  home  of  the  Negro  Race.  Cau- 


AFRICA 


103 


Relief  Map  of  Africa 


casian  peoples  have  for  many  centuries  occupied  portions 
of  north  and  northeast  Africa,  and  in  more  recent  times 
have  established  themselves  in  the  southern  part,  but 
in  the  central  sections  the  inhabitants  are  still  mainly 
negroes.  They  belong  to  a great  nundDer  of  barbarous 
and  semi-barbarous  tribes,  most  of  which  are  subject  to 


104 


DISTANT  COUNTKIES 


kings  or  chiefs,  who  are  continually  at  war  with  one 
another.  Millions  of  negroes,  in  times  past,  have  been 
taken  from  central  Africa  as  slaves,  and  their  descendants 
are  to  he  found  in  many  countries  where  slavery  has 
existed. 

There  are  several  special  reasons  for  the  slowness  of 
the  settlement  and  improvement  of  central  Africa  by 
white  people.  The  first  exploration  of  new  lands  is  usu- 
ally made  liy  entering  hays  and  rivers.  The  coast  line 
of  Africa  is  generally  unbroken,  and  there  are  very  few 
peninsulas  along  its  borders ; hence  there  is  a want  of 
harbors  where  exploring  vessels  might  lie  in  safety  and 
where  colonies  might  be  formed. 

jMost  of  the  rivers  contain  waterfalls  and  cataracts  in 
their  passage  from  the  plateaus  and  mountain  ridges,  and 
so  are  not  navigable  for  great  distances  from  the  sea. 
On  this  account  there  has  been  no  easy  means  of  reaching 
the  interior. 

Although  parts  of  the  interior  tableland  are  healthful, 
the  strip  of  lowlands  between  the  mountain  ridges  and 
the  sea  is  very  warm  and  damp.  White  people,  not 
accustomed  to  such  a climate,  have  often  been  attacked 
by  deadly  diseases  before  they  could  pass  across  to  the 
higher  land. 

In  addition  to  these  difficulties  there  are  hindrances 
similar  to  those  that  have  prevented  the  settlement  of 
the  equatorial  regions  of  South  America,  such  as 
the  dense  forests,  the  wild  animals,  and  the  barbarous 
peoples. 

At  the  present  time  conditions  in  Africa  are  changing. 
Other  jjarts  of  the  world  have  been  so  fully  explored 


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AFRICA 


and  Ijrongbt  under  the  management  of  civilized  nations, 
that  attention  is  now  being  centered  upon  the  Dark 
Continent.  It  contains  so  much  that  is  desirable  to 
the  world  that  it  can  be  no  longer  neglected.  From 
recent  investigations  it  is  believed  that  there  are  in 
Africa  live  or  six  million  square  miles  of  land  valuable 
for  settlement  or  development,  several  hundred  thousand 
square  miles  of  coal  beds,  beds  of  iron  ore  several  times  as 
large  as  those  in  North  America,  very  rich  deposits  of 
co})per,  and  vast  quantities  of  valuable  lumber,  besides 
the  rich  mines  of  gold  and  diamonds  that  are  now  in 
operation. 

Railroads  have  already  been  constructed  from  the 
coast  to  some  interior  points.  One  of  these,  known  as 
the  Cape  to  Cairo  Railroad,  is  to  extend  through  the 
length  of  the  continent,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
to  Cairo,  in  northern  Egypt.  Within  a few  years  there 
will  probably  be  many  railroad  lines  crossing  the  conti- 
nent in  different  directions. 

1.  Xauie  the  l)odies  of  water  that  suiTOuiid  Africa. 

2.  Name  five  large  rivers  of  Africa. 

3.  Where  are  the  Atlas  Mountains? 

4.  AVhere  is  Mt.  Kilimanjaro? 

5.  tVhere  is  the  desert  of  Kalahari  ? 

6.  Name  three  capes  on  the  African  coast. 

7.  What  large  island  southeast  of  Africa  belongs  to  France? 

8.  Name  two  groups  of  islands  off  the  northwestern  coast  of  Africa, 
and  state  to  what  country  eacli  belongs. 

9.  Mdtliin  what  degrees  of  latitude  does  Africa  lie? 

10.  About  how  far  is  it,  in  a direct  line,  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  to  Cairo? 

11.  Make  an  outline  map  of  Africa,  and  locate  the  largest  lakes  and 
rivers  and  the  loftiest  mountains. 


EGYPT 


107 


12.  Egypt 

Thousands  of  years  ago  Egypt,  in  northeastern  Africa, 
was  the  home  of  one  of  the  most  higlily  civilized  peoples 
of  the  earth.  The  history  of  this  country  illustrates 
most  forcibly  the  effect  of  natural  surroundings  upon 
the  welfare  of  a people.  Egypt  is  the  “ Gift  of  the 


The  Nile  at  Cairo 


Nile.”  That  river,  in  flowing  across  the  desert,  moistens 
a narrow  strip  of  land  and  renders  it  suitable  for  human 
habitation.  The  country,  or  the  inhabited  part  of  it,  is 
about  one  thousand  miles  long  and  only  eight  or  ten 
miles  wide. 

Heavy  rains  that  fall  in  the  wet  season  of  spring  in  the 
mountainous  region  near  the  equator,  hundreds  of  miles 
south  of  Egypt,  swell  the  sources  of  the  Nile.  The  length 
of  the  river  is  so  great  that  the  lower  jiart  of  its  course 


108 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


is  uot  affected  until  June.  After  that  it  rises  gradually 
until  October.  Then  it  is  usually  high  enough  to  over- 
flow its  banks  and  cover  its  flood  plain.  Soon  after  this 
the  water  begins  to  fall,  and  uncovers  the  ground  which 
it  has  thoroughly  moistened.  The  season  when  the  Nile 
approaches  its  highest  point  is  a time  of  anxiety  among 
the  people  of  the  entire  country.  Failure  to  overflow 
would  mean  drought  and  widespread  disaster. 


Camels  plowing  in  the  Valley  of  the  Nile 


Not  only  the  water  for  moistening  the  land  but  also 
the  soil  itself  is  the  gift  of  the  Nile.  During  the  rainy 
season  a great  amount  of  fertile  soil  is  carried  down  from 
the  hills  of  Abyssinia  into  the  branch  of  the  river  called 
the  Bine  Nile,  and  much  is  carried  through  the  entire 
length  of  the  river  to  Egypt  and  the  sea.  A part  of  this 
soil  is  spread  over  the  flood  plain  by  the  overflow  of  the 
I’iver,  and  remains  when  the  water  recedes.  The  thin, 
rich  layer  serves  as  a fertilizer  year  after  year. 

From  the  accnnndations  of  thousands  of  years  the  soil 


EGYPT 


109 


of  Egypt  has  reached  a depth  of  many  feet.  The  deposit 
of  mud  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  has  formed  a delta  more 
than  one  hundred  miles  long.  This  is  extended  about 
eight  feet  fartlier  into  the  sea  every  year.  It  was  be- 
cause this  deposit  at  the  month  of  the  Nile  had  a trian- 
gular shape,  resembling  the  Greek  letter  delta,  that  it 
received  the  name  delta. 


The  Sphinx  and  Great  Pyramid 


The  fertile  soil  left  Ity  the  Nile  and  the  Avater  provided 
by  its  overflow  have  given  the  inhabitants  of  Egypt  un- 
usual advantages.  At  a time  when  the  people  of  Europe 
were  still  barbarians,  the  Egyptians  had  advanced  far  in 
learning  and  in  the  practice  of  useful  arts.  They  Imilt 
many  Avonderful  structures,  some  of  Avhich  haym  been  pre- 
served until  the  present  time.  Among  these  are  the 
Sphinx,  the  obelisks,  and  the  great  pyramids,  Avhich  Avere 


110 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


the  toml)sof  kings.  We  should  not  forget  that  Ave  ourselves 
have  profited  by  tlie  civilization  of  the  Egyptians.  The 
learning  of  the  Greeks  and  the  Romans,  that  has  ineaut 
so  much  to  us,  was  iu  part  obtained'  from  Egypt. 

The  ruins  of 
tlie  ancient  city  of 
Theljes  are  very 
Avonderful.  The 
Great  Pyramid  of 
Cheops  is  another 
marvelous  sight. 
It  is  about  seven 
hundred  and  fifty 
feet  square  at  the 
l)ase  and  four 
hundred  and  fifty 
feet  high,  and  is 
])uilt  of  great 
l)locks  of  stone. 
It  was  erected 
moi’e  than  three 
thousand  years 
l>efore  the  time  of 
Christ.  We  are 
told  that  it  required  the  Avork  of  one  hundred  thousand 
men  tor  tAA^enty  years. 

Amo)ig  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Karnak  are  im- 
mense columns  and  blocks  of  stone,  the  raising  of 
avIucIl  must  haA'e  required  skill  equal  to  that  of  modern 
engineers.  The  obelisks  are  tall,  pointed  monuments, 
heAvn  out  of  solid  rock.  They  are  covered  Avith  carving 


Hall  of  Columbus,  Karnak 


EGYPT 


111 


in  Egyptian  characters  giving  the  names  of  kings  and 
great  events  in  Egyptian  history.  One  of  these  obe- 
lisks has  been  presented  to  the  United  States,  and  stands 
in  Central  Park  in  New  York  City. 

The  ancient  Egyptians  understood  the  art  of  embalming 
the  bodies  of  their  dead  in 
such  a way  that  the  forms  of 
some  of  these  have  Ijeen  pre- 
served until  the  present  time; 
from  these  mummies  and 
articles  found  in  the  tombs, 
we  have  learned  much  about 
this  ancient  people. 

The  entire  area  of  the 
fertile  land  of  Egypt  is  but 
little  greater  than  that  of 
the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
but  it  supports  a population 
of  nearly  ten  million  people. 

The  present  inhaljitants  are 
mostly  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  together 
with  negroes,  Arabs,  and 
mixed  races. 

Egypt  is  nominally  subject 
to  Turkey,  but  the  ruler,  called  the  Khedive,  is  practi- 
cally independent  of  the  Turkish  governmeut.  The 
British,  through  their  merchants  and  capitalists,  have 
done  much  to  improve  the  country.  The  Khedive  is 
accustomed  to  follow  the  advice  of  British  officials, 
who  have  practically  gained  control.  Egy|)t  is  now 


112 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


regarded  as  under  the  protection  of  the  British,  and 
is  called  a protectorate,  or  dependency,  of  Great  Britain. 

Because  of  the  great  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  profit 
that  comes  from  cultivating  it  when  water  is  supplied, 
immense  sums  have  been  expended  in  the  construction 
of  irrigation  works.  These  are  l)oth  for  the  purpose  of 
conveying  water  to  parts  of  the  desert  that  the  over- 


Copyright,  1003,  by  W.  H.  Kau. 

The  Dam  at  Assuan 


flow  of  the  river  does  not  reach,  and  to  supply  water 
during  the  dry  period  when  the  Nile  is  low.  Since  the 
climate  is  warm  throughout  the  winter,  two  or  three 
crops  a year  can  be  secured  by  irrigation. 

The  greatest  structure  in  connection  with  the  irriga- 
tion worlc  in  Egypt  is  the  dam  across  the  Nile  at  As- 
suan, six  hundred  miles  above  Cairo.  This  dam  was 
completed  in  1002.  It  is  more  than  a mile  long  and  over 
one  hundred  feet  high.  When  the  river  l)egins  to  fall, 
the  dam  holds  back  a lake  one  hundred  and  forty  miles 


EGYPT 


113 


long,  and  this  water  passes  through  as  it  is  needed  to 
supply  irrigation  canals  for  hundreds  of  miles  below. 

Another  immense  structure  is  the  barrage  near  Cairo. 
This  is  a lower  dam,  built  across  the  river  to  regulate 
the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide  in  the  irrigation  of  the  laud 
of  the  delta.  In  the  barrage  are  gates  that  hold  back 
the  water  at  high  tide,  and  prevent  it  from  disturbing 
the  uniform  supply  of  the  irrigating  canals. 


Irrigating,  Sakieh,  Egypt 


Agriculture  is,  of  course,  the  piincipal  industry  of 
Egypt,  and  the  climate  is  such  that  a great  variety  of 
crops  can  Ite  produced.  Among  these  are  Indian  corn, 
wheat,  rice,  and  a large  amount  of  cotton  and  sugar 
cane.  Egyptian  cotton  has  very  long  and  strong  fibers, 
and  is  sold  at  a high  price  in  the  markets.  Even  the 
United  States,  in  which  “ cotton  is  king,”  imports  some 
Egyptian  cotton  for  the  manufacture  of  certain  articles 
for  which  our  own  product  is  nnsuitable.  Date  palms 
and  orchards  of  other  fruit  trees  are  seen  along  the  Nile. 


114 


DISTANT  CX3UNTRIES 


Many  domestic  animals  are  raised  in  Egypt,  including 
camels,  a variety  of  buffaloes,  sheep,  goats,  cattle,  and 
horses. 

The  Egyptian  peasants,  called  fellalieen,  are  an  ig- 
norant hut  industrious  people.  They  still  irrigate  small 

plots  of  land  by 
raising  water 
from  the  Nile  in 
l)uckets  fas- 
tened to  bal- 
anced poles,  or 
f)y  means  of  a 
small  wheel 
turned  by  a 
donkey  or  buf- 
falo or  camel. 
Some  of  the 
hal)its  of  these 
people  are  about 
the  same  as 
those  of  their 
ancestors  in  the 
time  of  Moses. 

Cairo  is  the 
largest  city  of 
Egypt.  It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  delta  of  the 
Nile,  and  is  the  center  of  trade  for  the  agricultural 
products  of  the  narrow  valley.  It  contains  the  palace 
of  the  Khedive  and  other  interesting  buildings.  The 
Egyptians  are  mostly  Mohammedans,  and  mosques  and 
minarets  are  proihinent  in  their  cities.  On  account  o:^ 


Street  in  Cairo 


EGYPT 


115 


the  agreeable  climate  in  winter,  Cairo  is  a popular  resort 
for  travelers. 

Alexandria  was  formerly  at  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Nile,  but  the  extension  of  the  delta  has  left  the  origi- 
nal part  of  the  city  at  some  distance  from  the  sea.  This 
once  famous  city  was  named  for  the  emperor  Alexander 
the  Great,  who  concpiered  the  Egyptians  several  cen- 
turies before  the  birth  of  Christ.  Before  the  discovery 


Camel  Train  leaving  Cairo 


of  the  ocean  route  to  Asia  around  Cape  Horn,  Alex- 
andria was  a great  center  of  trade.  It  was  also  the 
center  of  the  learning  of  its  time,  and  had  a library  con- 
taining the  choicest  works  in  the  world.  These  were 
destroyed  by  the  conquering  Arabs,  who  believed  that 
their  Bible,  the  Koran,  contained  everything  desirable 
to  know.  At  present,  Alexandria  is  an  important  com- 
mercial port  and  the  terminus  of  many  steamship  lines. 

1.  Tlie  source  of  the  Nile  is  Lake  Victoria.  How  far  is  it  from 
that  lake  to  Cairo,  in  a direct  line? 

2.  On  whicli  side  of  the  equator  is  the  source  of  the  Nile? 


IIG 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


3.  Why  is  the  Nile  smaller  at  Cairo  than  several  hundred  miles 
south  of  that  city  ? 

■i.  Estimate  the  distance  saved  in  going  from  London  to  Bombay  by 
way  of  tlie  Suez  Canal,  instead  of  around  Caj^e  Horn. 

5.  AVhy  has  the  Suez  Canal  been  an  advantage  to  Alexandria? 

(i.  Wliat  towns  are  at  the  extremities  of  the  Suez  Canal  ? 

7.  IMuch  Egyptian  cotton  is  used  in  Switzerland.  Suggest  steam- 
boat and  railway  routes  by  which  it  may  be  carried  to  that  country. 

8.  In  what  direction  is  Alexandria  from  Cairo  V 

9.  Name  a city  of  the  United  States  that  is  in  about  the  same  latitude 
as  Cairo. 

10.  Make  a map  of  Egypt,  showing  the  Nile  River,  the  Suez  Canal, 


and  the  cities  and  interesting  localities. 


Entrance  to  Suez  Canal,  Port  Said 


13.  Northern  Africa 

Alono'  the  iiortlieni  border  of  Africa,  lietweeu  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  and  the  desert,  are  four  countries, 
Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  in  parts  of  which 
the  climate  and  the  conditions  of  life  are  very  different 
from  those  in  the  desert  011  the  south.  Although  rain 
is  scanty  in  the  eastern  part  of  this  section,  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  xVtlas  Mountains  gives  the  western  part  a 
desiraljle  climate.  The  mountains  cut  off  the  hot  winds 


NORTHERN  AFRICA 


117 


from  the  south,  and  cause  rain  from  the  Avinds  that 
come  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Some  of  the  present  people  of  these  countries  are 
called  Berbers.  They  are  descendants  of  the  original  in- 
habitants, from  whose  name  the  four  countries  Avere 
once  called  the  Barbary  States.  The  Arabs  finally  con- 


Arabs  in  Northern  Africa 

quered  the  Berbers,  and  are  noAA^  the  ruling  class. 
Both  Berbers  and  Arabs  belong  to  the  Caucasian  Race, 
although  the  Arabs  haAm  a dark  complexion. 

The  Berbers  live  mostly  in  mountainous  districts,  to 
Avhich  they  Avere  driven  by  the  conquering  Arabs.  They 
dAA'ell  in  permanent  homes,  in  Aullages.  They  are  a 
very  industrious  farming  people,  and  raise  many  sheep 
and  goats,  besides  various  kinds  of  fruit. 

Many  of  the  Arabs  live  in  tents  outside  the  cities,  and 
move  their  herds  of  animals  from  place  to  place.  Others, 
knoAvn  as  Moors,  live  mostly  in  the  cities  and  toAvns. 
For  many  centuries  these  states  Avere  ruled  by  pirates. 


118 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


who  sent  ont  vessels  to  capture  foreign  ships.  They 
held  tlie  captured  crews  for  ransom  or  sold  them  as 
slaves.  Other  nations  for  a long  time  paid  trilmte  to 
these  pirates  to  prevent  them  from  interfering  with 
commerce.  In  the  early  part  of  tlie  last  century  the 
United  States,  (Ireat  Britain,  and  France  put  an  end  to 
the  baiharous  practice. 


Women  gathering  Olives,  Morocco 


Morocco  is  the  most  valuai^le  and  important  of  these 
four  countries.  Very  little  has  been  known  about  that 
country  until  recently.  Although,  at  the  nearest  point, 
it  is  only  ten  miles  from  southern  Europe,  and  althoirgh 
it  has  a coast  line  of  aljout  thirteen  hundred  miles, 
along  which  the  ships  of  all  countries  have  passed  for 
centuries,  we  have  been  almost  as  ignorant  of  it  as  if  it 
had  been  situated  in  central  Asia.  This  is  chiefly  be- 
cause foreigners  have  not  been  welcome,  and  traveling 
has  l.ieen  dangerous. 


NORTHERN  AFRICA 


119 


Instead  of  being  a barren  desert  region,  as  many 
people  have  supposed  it  to  be,  jNIorocco  is  for  the  most 
part  a fertile  country,  and  has  a delightful  climate.  Its 
hills  and  mountains  are  covered  Avith  forests,  and  its 
valleys  are  very  productive.  The  soil  is  suited  to  a great 
A'ariety  of  agricultural  products.  The  country  now  pro- 


Court  of  House  in  Morocco 


duces  much  corn  and  many  figs  and  olives,  and  its 
pastures  support  herds  of  goats  and  other  animals. 
Copper,  iron,  and  other  minerals  are  found.  It  is  a 
country  larger  than  France  or  Germany. 

The  gOA^ernment  of  Morocco  Avas  formerly  A^ery  bad. 
It  Avas  an  independent  state  ruled  by  a monarch  called 
the  Sultan,  the  management  of  Avhose  government  con- 
sisted in  little  more  than  the  collecting  of  taxes.  The 
people  Avonld  bring  to  the  Sultan  herds  of  cattle,  flocks 


120 


AFRICA 


of  slieep,  or  loads  of  grain,  as  a means  of  protecting 
themselves  from  being  massacred  by  the  government 
soldiers.  The  Snltan  appropriated  these  goods  to  bis 
own  use,  doing  little  or  not.liingfor  the  people  in  return. 
Outside  the  cities  there  were  no  railroads  or  carriage 
roads.  Goods  w'ere  transported  on  the  backs  of  donkeys 
or  camels.  In  the  want  of  any  effective  government 


The  Walls  of  Tangier 


to  prevent  lawlessness,  bandits  frequently  kidnapped 
persons  of  wealth  or  importance,  carrying  them  away 
to  the  mountains  and  bolding  them  for  ransom.  Such 
treatment  of  citizens  of  otlier  countries  caused  those 
nations  to  interfere,  and  by  a treaty  between  Great 
Britain  and  France  in  1904  Morocco  became  a French 
protectorate.  Since  then  the  French  have  made  great 
improvements,  and  other  nations  have  rejoiced  in  the 
overthrow  of  tlie  “ last  barbaric  empire.” 

The  long  coast  line  of  Morocco  is  generally  unlmoken, 
and  it  has  been  necessary  to  send  passengers  and  goods 
ashore  from  steamers  in  small  boats  and  in  calm  weather. 
The  chief  port  is  Tangier.  We  import  goatskins  from 


NORTHERN  AFRICA 


121 


Morocco  through  the  port  of  Tangier,  and  send  to  that 
country  cotton  goods  and  kerosene. 

Fez  is  a larger  city  tlian  Tangier.  It  is  the  chief 
city  of  Morocco  and  the  home  of  the  Sultan.  Among 
jNIohammedans,  Fez  has  long  had  a reputation  on 
account  of  its  great  schools  for  the  study  of  the  Koran. 


Harbor  of  Algiers 


Algeria  lost  its  independence  on  account  of  the  prac- 
tice of  piracy.  It  is  now  a province  of  France.  Algeria 
is  larger  than  Morocco,  but  only  tlie  northern  part  is 
the  equal  of  that  country  in  respect  to  soil  and  climate. 
A strip  along  the  coast,  called  the  “ Tell,”  has  rich 
farms,  orchards,  and  vineyards.  In  the  southern  part 
there  are  large  tracts  of  desert. 

The  French  have  benefited  Algeria  by  constructing 
good  roads  and  railroads,  and  in  many  other  ways.  The 
harbor  of  the  port  of  Algiers  has  been  rendered  safe 
by  the  protection  of  a breakwater.  Algeria  exports  to 
Europe  dates,  wheat,  cork,  and  alfa  grass,  or  esparto 


122 


AFEICA 


grass,  wliicli  is  used  for  making  a coarse  kind  of  paper. 
It  also  supplies  the  markets  of  Paris  and  other  French 
cities  with  early  vegetahles. 

Tunis  is  a protectorate  of  France.  Although  the 
native  ruler,  called  the  Bey,  is  permitted  to  continue 
in  office,  he  has  hnt  little  ]mwer.  The  industries  and 
products  of  Tunis  are  similar  to  those  of  Algeria.  It 


Avenue  de  France,  Tunis 


produces  some  of  the  finest  olive  oil  and  dates  in  the 
world. 

Tripoli  is  a province  of  Turkey.  Its  people  are 
largely  engaged  in  trade  in  ivory,  ostrich  feathers,  and 
other  articles,  that  are  brought  by  caravans  across  the 
desert  from  the  south. 

1.  Name  states  in  the  United  States  that  are  in  ahont  the  same 
latitude  as  the  comitries  of  northern  Africa. 

2.  j^cross  wliich  of  tlie  four  countries  do  the  Atlas  Mountains  ex- 
tend ? 

3.  Mogador  is  a small  jiort  of  Morocco.  How  far  from  Tangier  is 
it? 


THE  DESERT  OF  SAHARA 


123 


4.  Beginning  with  Tangier,  name  in  order  the  principal  ports  of 
northern  Africa. 

5.  The  French  have  built  a railroad  from  the  coast  to  Biskra, 
wliicli  is  the  present  seat  of  government.  How  far  from  Algiers  is 


COUlltl]6S  cllong  Makers  of  Leather  Goods,  Tunis 

the  northern  coast 

and  the  part  of  Africa  that  is  affected  by  tropical  rains 
is  the  great  Desert  of  Saliara.  This  is  about  two  thirds 
as  large  as  the  United  States,  and  is  the  greatest  region 
of  continuous  desert  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Over 
most  of  it  rain  never  falls  except  in  thundershowers,  and 
these  may  not  occur  oftener  than  once  in  several  years. 


Biskra? 

6.  Cork  is  sent  from  Algiers  to  Spain  and  Portugal.  Xame  a port 
in  each  of  those  countries  to  which  it  ma}^  be  sent. 

7.  Early  vegetables  are  shipped  to  tlie  cities  of  France  by  way  of 
Marseilles.  In  what 
direction  is  that  port 
from  Algiers? 

8.  Oran  is  the  trad- 
ing port  of  the  western 
part  of  Algeria.  IIow 
far  is  it  from  Algiers? 

9.  Constantine  is 
noted  for  the  proiluc- 
tion  of  fine  leather.  In 
what  direction  is  it 
from  Algiers? 

10.  IMake  an  outline 
map  of  northern  Africa, 
showing  the  boundaries 
of  the  four  countries 
and  their  chief  towns. 


14.  The  Desert 
of  Sahara 

Between  the 


124 


AFRICA 


The  name  Sahara  means  “ Desert  Plain,”  but  this 
desert  is  not  so  nearly  a plain  as  is  often  supposed. 
Tlie  wind  heaps  up  the  sand  in  ridges  that  in  some 
places  resemble  the  billows  of  the  ocean.  In  other 
places  there  are  rocks  instead  of  sand.  Much  of  the 
desert  sand  has  been  worn  from  rocks  as  the  wind  has 


View  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara 


blown  particles  across  their  surface.  A range  of  moun- 
tains, in  places  more  than  a mile  high,  extends  across  the 
central  part  of  the  desert  from  northwest  to  southeast, 
but  other  parts  are  below  the  level  of  the  sea. 

It  would  be  incorrect  to  suppose  that  the  Sahara  is 
entirely  barren  throughout  the  year.  If  it  were,  it  could 
support  no  permanent  inhabitants.  In  some  parts  i’ain 
falls  in  certain  months,  and  wandering  tribes  of  herds- 
men drive  their  animals  from  one  of  these  sections  to 
another  as  the  season  changes. 

Tlie  greatest  benefits  to  both  the  permanent  popula- 


THE  DESERT  OF  SAHARA 


125 


tion  and  travelers  come  from  the  oases.  These  are  spots 
where  underground  water  rises  to  the  surface  of  its 
own  accord  or  can  be  ol^tained  by  artesian  wells  or  t)y 
pumping.  The  effect  of  this  water  upon  the  soil  indi- 
cates that  the  desert  is  very  rich  in  plant  food  and  would 
yield  abundantly  if  water  could  be  supplied  by  irrigation. 


An  Oasis 


The  permanent  population  of  the  oases  consists  of  Ber- 
bers, xArabs,  and  some  Frenchmen  and  other  Europeans, 
who  are  engaged  in  cultivating  grain  and  fruits.  Dates  are 
a very  important  product.  The  date  palm  thrives  where 
the  air  is  dry  and  warm,  provided  its  roots  can  find  suf- 
ficient moisture.  This  tree  grows  to  a height  of  from 
fifty  to  eighty  feet,  and  has  a cluster  of  long  and  broad 
leaves  at  the  top.  The  dates  hang  on  stems  from  the 
tops  of  the  trees  and  look  like  great  bunches  of  plums. 

After  they  have  become  ripe  and  partly  dried  on  the 
trees,  they  are  gathered  and  sent  liy  caravans  to  the 
seacoast  or  to  some  railroad  center,  where  they  are 
shipped  to  market.  There  are  many  varieties  of  dates. 


12G 


AFRICA 


Some  are  soft,  while  others  are  hard  and  dry.  The  dry 
varieties  are  the  common  food  of  both  the  men  and  the 
camels  of  the  desert.  The  natives  rise  the  wood  of  the 
date  palm  for  fuel  and  hmiher,  its  lea  ves  in  making  chairs, 
taldes,  and  other  articles,  and  its  bark  for  weaving  baskets. 

Hands  of  roving  pe(jple  called  Bedouins  live  on  the 
desert  in  tents,  and  move  their  herds  of  animals  from 

place  to  place.  Besides 
these,  groups  of  robbers, 
in  times  past,  supported 
themselves  by  plundering 
the  caravans  of  merchants 
and  other  travelers  in  the 
desert. 

Not  the  least  important 
of  the  desert  dwellers  are 
those  who  conduct  the 
caravans  which  for  hun- 
dreds of  years  have  taken 
the  place  of  railroads  in 
the  exchange  of  goods  be- 
tween the  populous  dis- 
tricts in  the  south  and  the  peoples  of  other  continents. 
Tlie  camels  that  make  up  the  caravan  trains  are  pecul- 
iarly ada})ted  to  desert  regions  l^ecause  they  can  travel 
easily  through  the  sand  and  can  carry  l)urdens  for  a 
long  time  without  water.  They  also  provide  meat  and 
milk  for  the  desert  population. 

At  certain  points  along  the  northern  coast,  particu- 
larly in  Algeria,  Tripoli,  and  Morocco,  European  goods 
are  loaded  upon  camels  and  sent  on  their  long  jour» 


THE  DESERT  OF  SAHARA 


127 


ney  to  the  south.  Some  cai’avan  trains  consist  of  thou- 
sands of  camels  and  are  accompanied  by  hundreds 
of  armed  men  as  a protection  against  robbers.  They 
follow  certain  customary  routes  that  lead  from  one 
oasis  to  another,  where  there  are  supplies  of  food  and 
water.  The  journey  is  often  extremely  uncomforta)3le. 
In  the  clear,  dry  atmosphere  the  midday  sun  is  very 


Sand  Storm  in  the  Desert 

oppressive,  heating  the  sand  and  the  rocks  until  they 
are  painful  to  the  touch.  At  night,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  heat  passes  off  into  the  air  rapidly,  and  it  often  be- 
comes very  cold.  Frequently  storms  of  wind  till  the 
air  with  sand  and  drive  it  with  such  force  that  travelers 
cannot  proceed.  Sometimes  men  and  animals  have  been 
overcome  l)y  sand  storms  and  ljuried  ont  of  sight. 

A section  of  the  desert,  Ijordering  on  Egypt,  is  under 
British  inlluence,  but  the  greater  portion  is  French  terri- 
tory. It  is  dithcult  to  organize  a good  government  for 
such  a vast  region,  inhabited  by  small  groups  of  people 
scattered  at  great  distances,  but  the  French  have  had 


128 


AFRICA 


much  success  in  securing  order  and  affording  protection 
from  robbers.  They  are  also  building  railroads  to  points 
in  the  interior.  In  a few  years  tliere  will  probably  be 
enough  railroads  to  accommodate  most  of  the  traffic 
across  the  desert,  and  many  of  the  long  caravan  routes 
will  be  abandoned. 


At  the  Border  of  the  Libyan  Desert 


1.  How  far  is  it  across  the  great  desert? 

2.  The  Libyan  Desert  is  barren  and  of  little  value.  "Where  is  it? 

.3.  What  Spanish  territory  west  of  the  Sahara  borders  on  the  Atlantic? 

4.  Ghadaines  is  a caravan  center.  In  what  part  of  Tripoli  is  it? 

5.  Some  caravans  from  Algeria  go  to  the  region  of  Lake  Chad.  How 
far  is  that  lake  from  the  port  of  Tripoli  ? 

6.  Caravans  go  from  Algiers  to  Timbuktu,  on  the  Niger  River.  In 
what  direction  is  Timbuktu  from  Algiers? 

7.  Kano  is  a caravan  center.  IVhat  port  on  the  Mediterranean  is 
the  terminus  of  the  most  direct  route  from  that  center? 

8.  Sokoto  is  the  terminus  of  another  route.  In  what  direction  is  it 
from  Kano? 

9.  There  is  a salt  mine  at  Kawar.  On  wliat  caravan  route  is  it? 

10.  There  is  another  v^aluable  salt  mine  at  Taudeni.  On  what  cara- 
van route  is  it  situated  ? 


THE  SUDAN 


129 


15.  The  Sudan 

The  tropical  region  of  central  Africa,  with  its  copious 
rains  and  dense  forests,  is  in  direct  contrast  with  the 
barren  wastes  of  the  Sahara.  A wide  belt  across  the 
continent  between  these  two  regions  is  very  different 
from  either,  and  recpures  separate  consideration.  In  this 
region  there  is  rain  during  portions  of  the  j'ear,  as  the 
belt  of  calms  and  rain  moves  north  and  south.  The  rain- 
fall is  sufficient  for  farming,  but  not  for  the  growth  of 
large  forests.  For  the  most  part  there  are  grassy  plains 
with  scattered  groves.  Much  of  the  land  is  high  enough 
above  sea  level  to  have  a comfortaijle  climate. 


Leopard  Giraffe 


In  some  places  there  are  many  wild  animals,  includ- 
ing the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  lion,  leopard,  buffalo, 
zebra,  giraffe,  and  antelope. 

This  section  of  Africa  is  known  as  the  Sudan.  The 
name  means  '‘‘black,”  and  was  applied  to  this  region 
because  it  was  known  to  the  world  as  the  land  of  the 
black  people.  Other  parts  of  Africa  also  are  popu- 
lated by  the  l)lack  race,  but  this  section  is  more  acces- 
sible to  civilized  people  and  so  is  more  familiar  to  them. 

Portions  of  the  Sudan  are  more  densely  populated 


130 


AFRICA 


tlian  the  forest  regions  farther  south.  This  is  because 
the  Sudan  can  sn|)port  a greatei'  nuinl)er  of  people. 

Tliis  is  the  region  to  which  the  caravans  take  their 
loads  of  goods  from  the  northern  coast,  and  l)ecause  of 
the  contact  with  civilized  peo])le  provided  by  the  cara- 
van trade  many  of  the  inhabitants  have  become  par- 
tially civilized.  Tliey  have  gradually  learned  to  use  mod- 
ern implements  and  articles  of  food  and  clothing  and  to 


In  the  Sudan 


prepare  their  own  pioducts  for  export  to  civilized  coun- 
tries. The  exchange  of  goods  has  kept  the  caravans 
loaded  in  l)oth  directions,  and  will  Ite  sufficient  to  sup- 
port future  railrcjad  lines. 

Many  of  the  people  of  the  Sudan  are  farmers,  and  raise 
Indian  corn,  millet,  fruits,  and  many  domestic  animals. 
IMany  also  are  lumters. 

The  homes  of  the  people  are  chiefly  small  thatched 
huts  grouped  together  in  villages  or  cities,  and  sur- 
rounded by  high  walls. 


THE  SUDAN 


131 


The  region  of  the  Sudan  may  be  divided  into  three 
parts,  each  containing  a center  of  population  and  cara- 
van trade.  The  most  important  section  of  the  western, 
or  French,  Sudan  consists  of  the  valleys  of  the  Niger  and 
Senegal  rivers.  The  eastern,  or  Egyptian,  Sudan  includes 
the  upper  valley  of  the  Nile.  In  the  interior  the  chief 
interests  center  about  Lake  Chad  and  northern  Nigeria. 


A Kano  Gate 


The  chief  industrial  centers  of  the  central  Sudan  are 
Kano,  Kuka,  and  Sokoto.  Kano  is  a city  of  aitout  one 
hundred  thousand  inhabitants.  It  is  surrounded  Ity  a 
wall  fifteen  miles  long,  in  which  there  are  thirteen  gates. 
The  inhabitants  manufacture  much  cotton  cloth.  This 
they  make  in  a crude  way  Ijy  hand.  They  color  the 
cloth  with  indigo.  They  also  make  many  leather  goods 
and  braid  hats  of  straw.  They  have  a large  trade  with 
merchants  from  many  parts  of  northern  Africa. 


132 


AFRICA 


Kuka  is  also  a walled  city,  composed  of  thousands  of 
lints.  1'he  soil  of  the  vicinity  is  very  fertile,  and  there 
are  farms  and  large  plantations  on  which  millet,  wheat, 
and  cotton  are  grown.  In  tins  region  many  elephants 
are  killed  for  their  ivory  tusks,  which  are  very  valuable. 

At  such  centers  of  trade  caravans  continually  come 
and  go  for  the  purpose  of  buying,  selling,  or  exchang- 
ing a variety  of  goods,  including  ivory,  ostrich  feathers. 


Caravan  entering  Timbuktu 


dates,  sugar,  baskets,  tools,  ornaments  of  ivory  and  sil- 
ver, and  blocks  of  salt  from  the  Sahara  mines. 

The  great  ti-ading  center  of  western  Africa  is  Tini- 
Imktu.  It  is  situated  near  the  Niger  River,  on  ivhicli 
goods  are  easily  distributed.  It  is  also  on  the  border  of 
the  Sahara,  at  a point  convenient  for  caravans. 

The  region  of  the  Sudan  has  not  very  definite  limits, 
and  is  sometimes  regarded  as  extending  as  far  as  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea  and  the  Atlantic  coast.  Parts  of  this 
coast  were  long  ago  visited  and  explored  by  people  of 
several  of  the  leading  nations,  and  hence  it  is  divided 


THE  SUDAN 


133 


into  many  small  countries,  or  colonies.  Several  sections 
were  once  named  according  to  the  goods  that  were  ob- 
tained from  the  natives,  and  were  known  as  the  “ Ivory 
Coast,”  the  “ Gold  Coast,”  and  the  Slave  Coast.” 
Among  these  countries  Liberia  is  the  chief  center  of 
interest  because  it  is  practically  an  American  colony. 
It  was  founded  in  the  year  1821  by  an  association  of 
American  people.  At  that  time  it  was  felt  that  the 


Natives  in  Liberia 


slave  trade  was  very  unjust.  There  was  a desire  to  re- 
turn some  of  the  negroes  to  their  native  countiy,  and  a 
large  section  of  land  was  purchased  for  their  benefit. 
This  was  in  the  time  of  President  Monroe,  after  whom 
the  capital,  Monrovia,  was  named,  and  the  country  was 
called  Liberia,  which  means  ‘‘Laud  of  the  Free.”  It 
was  hoped  that  the  liberated  slaves  would  be  able  to 
civilize  the  neighboring  tribes. 

The  experiment,  however,  has  not  produced  very 
great  results.  There  are  about  fifty  or  sixty  thousand 


134 


AFRICA 


people  along  the  coast  who  are  civilized,  or  partly  so. 
Among  these  are  iiLany  descendants  of  those  who  re- 
turned from  America.  Their  influence  over  the  savage 

tribes  of  the  in- 
terior has  been 
slight,  and  they 
have  had  some 
difficulties  in  the 
management  of 
their  own  govern- 
ment. 

There  are  towns 
and  plantations 
along  the  coast. 
Among  the  chief 
products  are  palm 
nuts,  or  palm  ker- 
nels, and  palm  oil. 
These  nuts  grow 
in  great  clusters  upon  the  oil  palm  tree.  They  yield 
a great  amount  of  yellow  oil,  from  which  the  natives 
make  a kind  of  Imtter  called  palm  butter.  In  other 
countries  the  oil  is  used  for  making  soap,  candles,  and 
artificial  butter.  A great  amount  of  both  nuts  and  oil 
is  sent  to  European  markets. 

Coffee  grows  wdld  in  Liberia,  and  might  be  very  suc- 
cessfully cultivated  if  the  people  had  sufficient  energy. 
Most  of  the  country  is  covered  with  dense  forests,  in 
which  grow  many  rubber-producing  trees. 

Sierra  Leone  was  set  apart  liy  the  British  as  a refuge 
for  slaves  who  had  escaped  from  slave  ships. 


Nubian  Boy  riding  Buffalo 


THE  SUDAN 


135 


European  nations  have  trading  stations  along  the 
coast.  Two  of  the  most  important  of  these  are  the  Brit- 
ish stations  of  Freetown,  in  Sierra  Leone,  and  Lagos, 
on  the  coast  of  Nigeria.  At  Cape  Verde  the  French 
have  improved  the  port  of  Dakar.  They  have  bnilt 
large  piers  and  docks  in  order  to  make  it  the  terminus 
of  railroads  from  the  interior. 


Embankment  on  the  Nile  and  Palace  Gates,  Khartum 


A large  part  of  the  territory  known  as  the  Egyptian 
Sudan  is  covered  with  desert  plains.  Since  it  belongs 
to  Egypt,  it  is  nnder  the  control  of  Great  Britain. 

Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Nnljia  are  hunters.  They 
kill  elephants  for  their  ivory  and  capture  wild  ostriches 
in  order  to  olttain  their  feathers.  Some  of  them  also 
are  farmers,  raising  on  their  land  cotton,  wheat,  and 
sugar-cane. 

Khartum,  the  principal  city  of  Nubia,  is  an  important 
center  of  caravan  trade.  It  is  now  connected  by  rail- 


136 


AFRICA 


road  with  Cairo  and  Alexandria  and  by  water  with  iin- 
jjortant  points  in  eastern  Africa.  It  'will  be  on  the  line 
of  the  great  Cape  to  Cairo  Railroad.  The  British  took 
possession  of  this  city  in  1899,  and  since  then  both  the 
city  and  the  region  around  it  have  prospered.  A large 
part  of  Khartinn  has  been  covered  Avith  substantial 
buildings  in  place  of  the  native  houses  of  sun-dried 
bricks. 


A. 

. - • • ■ 1 ii, Ml, 

: . "A 

Passenger  Car  on  the  Sudan  Railroad 


Omdnrman,  near  Khartum,  is  a market  for  a kind  of 
gum  that  is  brought  long  distances  by  caravans  and  is 
used  on  postage  stamps  and  envelopes. 

East  of  the  Egyptian,  or  British,  Sudan  is  the  country 
of  Abyssinia,  in  whose  mountains  and  tablelands  are  the 
sources  of  several  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Nile.  A large 
part  of  this  country  lias  beautiful  scenery  and  a healthful 
climate.  The  western  portion  is  one  of  the  most  fertile 
sections  of  Africa.  This  fact  is  clearly  indicated  by  the 
rich  soil  that  the  Nile  carries  down  from  Abyssinia  and 


THE  SUDAN 


137 


deposits  along  its  banks  in  Egypt.  Where  rain  is  not 
sufficient  in  Abyssinia  there  is  usually  plenty  of  water 
for  irrigation.  ' Among  the  mountains  are  valuable  de- 
posits of  gold,  silver,  and  other  minerals. 

Civilized  nations  have  desired  to  gain  control  of  Abys- 
sinia. An  Italian  army  once  undertook  to  enter  it,  but 
was  sorely  defeated  by  the  king  and  his  soldiers. 


A Home  in  Abyssinia 


The  natives  call  the  country  Ethiopia,  a name  that 
has  been  handed  down  from  the  ancient  country  of  Ethi- 
opia, which  occupied  a much  larger  territory.  The  king 
is  introducing  many  improvements  among  his  subjects, 
although  they  are  still  only  partially  civilized.  The 
United  States  was  the  first  country  to  enter  into  an 
agreement  for  trading  with  the  Abyssinians,  who  dress 
mostly  in  cotton  goods  from  America. 

In  such  a favorable  soil  and  climate  many  crops 
would  thrive  if  the  natives  were  inclined  to  cultivate 


138 


AFRICA 


them.  Some  coffee  is  exported  and  sold  as  ‘‘  Mocha  ” 
coffee.  Ivory,  silver,  and  gold  are  important  products. 

The  country  abounds  in  wild  animals  of  various  kinds. 
Among  the  most  common  are  the  elephant,  lion,  ante- 
lope, and  gazelle. 


Zebra  and  Mule  Team,  Nairobi 


1.  About  liow  far  is  it  in  a direct  line  from  I^ake  Chad  to  Tripoli? 

2.  IVdiich  is  tlie  greater  distance,  from  Tripoli  to  Kano,  or  from  Al- 
giers to  Timbuktu  ? 

8.  El  Faslier  is  a caravan  center.  In  what  part  of  the  Sudan  is  it? 

4.  Na!iie  the  sections  of  the  African  coast  west  of  Kamerun  that  be- 
long to  Great  Britain. 

5.  Name  the  sections  that  belong  to  France. 

(1.  "What  sections  belong  to  other  countries? 

7.  Name  all  the  sections  of  this  coast  in  order,  stating  to  what  country 
each  belongs. 

8.  What  part  of  South  America  is  in  about  the  same  latitude  as 
Liberia  ? 

9.  Fashoda  is  a town  of  the  Upper  Nile  region.  In  what  direction  is 
it  from  Khartum  ? 

10.  In  what  part  of  Abyssinia  is  the  capital,  Adis  Abeba? 

11.  Eritrea  belongs  to  Italy.  L^pon  what  part  of  Abyssinia  does  it 
boi’<ler  ? 

12.  The  people  called  the  Somalis  dwell  east  and  southeast  of  Abys- 
sinia. To  what  countries  do  the  three  parts  of  that  region  belong  ? 


CENTRAL  AFRICA 


139 


1 6.  Central  Africa 

The  equatorial  belt  of  Africa,  soutli  of  the  Sudan, 
consists  of  the  elevated  and  partly  mountainous  region 
called  East  Africa,  and  the  lower  and  more  nearly  level 
basin  of  the  Congo  River  in  the  west. 

O 


The  Congo  a Thousand  Miles  Inland 


The  Consfo  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  world. 
It  is  more  than  tliree  thousand  miles  long  and  is  twenty 
miles  wide  at  its  mouth.  The  volume  of  water  that 
flows  from  it  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other  river  ex- 
cept the  Amazon.  Cataracts  lieginniug  one  hundred  and 
twenty  miles  above  its  mouth  prevent  navigation  for 
two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above  that  point.  Beyond 
the  cataracts  the  river  is  navigable  for  a thousand  miles, 
and  on  the  Congo  and  its  tributaries  together  the  water- 
waj^s  open  to  navigation  amount  to  more  than  ten  thou- 
sand miles.  All  these  rivers  have  lieen  of  great  assistance 
in  the  exploration  and  development  of  the  country. 


140 


AFRICA 


In  some  joarts  of  the  Congo  basin  there  are  plains 
covered  with  tall  grass,  through  which  it  is  difficult  to 
travel,  but  a large  part  of  the  region  consists  of  vast 
forests.  In  the  forests  along  the  ip^per  part  of  the  river 
are  trees  from  one  hundred  to  two  hundred  feet  tall. 
These  grow  so  near  together  tliat  their  thick  foliage 
sliuts  out  the  sunlight.  They  are  usually  bound  to- 


Congoese  Chiefs  curiously  Dressed 


getlier  by  a great  number  of  vines  and  creepers.  The 
low  undergrowth  is  so  much  entangled  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  pass  through  it.  Among  the  blossoms  of 
the  trees  are  swarms  of  humming  bees  and  richly  col- 
ored Initterllies. 

In  the  depths  of  this  forest  region  wild  animals  are 
not  so  aljnndant  as  they  are  in  the  more  open  country 
around  its  l)orders.  Animals  that  feed  upon  grass  are 
natui-ally  found  in  regions  where  grass  will  grow,  and 
animals  like  the  lion  and  tlie  tiger,  that  prey  upon 
grass-eating  animals,  must  live  in  the  same  regions. 


CENTRAL  AFRICA 


141 


The  animal  life  of  the  dense  forests  consists  mostly 
of  reptiles,  monkeys,  birds,  and  various  insects. 

Several  countries  of  Europe  formerly  laid  claim  to  the 
Congo  territory,  but  by  agreement  among  the  nations  it 
was  placed  under  the  personal  charge  of  King  Leopold 
of  Belgium.  In  the  year  1885  the  country  was  acknowl- 
edged as  an  independent  state  subject  to  the  Belgian 


Congo  Chief’s  Hut  in  the  Interior 


king.  In  1909  King  Leopold  gave  up  his  personal 
sovereign  rights  in  the  Congo  State  to  the  country  of 
Belgium,  and  it  is  noAV  a Belgian  province. 

The  Congo  State  is  about  one  third  as  large  as  tlie 
United  States  and  contains  a population  of  aljout  twenty 
million  negroes.  These  consist  of  a great  numijer  of 
separate  tribes,  most  of  whom,  a few  }^ears  ago,  were 
savages  at  war  with  one  another. 

The  Belgians  have  made  great  changes  in  the  Congo 

O O O O 

region.  They  have  destroyed  the  slave  trade  formerly 
carried  on  by  Arabs.  They  have  estaldished  order 


142 


AFRICA 


throughout  the  valley,  avid  have  caused  millions  of 
savages  to  abandon  their  barbarous  practices.  Many 
who  lint  recently  were  quite  uncivilized  now  hold  re- 
sponsible  positions  on  steamboats  and  railroads. 

4'here  have  been  unpleasant  reports  that  the  officials 
of  the  Belgian  government  have  been  cruel  to  the  Congo 
people.  Prolialdy  these  reports  have  been  exaggerated, 


Congoese  Women^  working  in  Field 


and  are  due  in  paid  to  the  difficulty  that  white  people 
have  in  managing  millions  of  half-savage  natives,  Imt 
the  Belgians  have  doubtless  thought  too  much  of  the 
profits  to  be  gained  from  the  country  and  too  little  of 
the  welfare  of  the  people. 

The  native  tribes  in  the  Congo  valley  generally  live 
in  small  villages  located  in  open  places  in  the  forests 
and  surrounded  by  tall  poles  pointed  at  the  tops.  They 
often  make  clearings  for  their  huts  by  building  fires 
around  large  trees  and  thus  killing  them.  They  hunt 
with  spears  and  bows  and  arrows.  Some  of  them  culti- 


CENTRAL  AFRICA 


143 


vate  a little  land  and  raise  bananas,  sweet  potatoes, 
manioc,  rice,  millet,  or  Indian  corn.  Along  the  coast 
and  at  the  stations,  where  they  meet  white  people,  they 
generally  wear  clothing,  hnt  in  their  homes  in  the  inte- 
rior they  are  almost  naked. 

In  some  sections  there  are  tril^es  of  small  neo-roes 

O 

called  pygmies.  These  are  believed  to  he  in  the  lowest 


Pygmies  and  their  Huts 


and  most  barbarous  condition  of  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Africa.  Their  homes  are  clusters  of  low  huts  in  small 
clearings  in  the  dense  portions  of  the  forests.  They  eat 
roots  and  wihl  honey  and  are  expert  hunters.  They 
sometimes  even  succeed  in  killing  elephants.  They  are 
not  so  extremely  small  as  has  Iteen  supposed.  Their 
height  is  generally  from  four  to  five  feet. 

Tor  the  purpose  of  government  the  Congo  State  is 
divided  into  districts  that  are  under  the  charg-e  of 
Belgian  commissioners.  Each  tribe  has  its  chief,  or 
king,  who  is  subject  to  the  authority  of  the  commis- 


U4 


AFRICA 


sioner.  Some  of  the  remote  tribes  are  not  yet  imder 
Belgian  rule.  Probably  slavery  and  cannibalism  still  ex- 
ist among  them,  bnt  these  practices  are  fast  disappearing. 

The  Congo  valley,  like  the  Amazon  valley,  lias  the 
production  of  rubber  for  its  leading  industry.  Rubber 
is  obtained  in  Africa  from  both  trees  and  vines.  The 
natives  prejiare  it  for  the  market,  and  then  carry  it  on 


A Successful  Elephant  Hunt 

their  beads  long  distances  tbrougb  the  forests  and  tall 
grass  to  trading  stations,  where  it  is  forwarded  by  boats 
or  by  railroads  Ivory  is  gathered  and  shipped  in  the 
same  manner;  also  palm  nuts  and  palm  oil. 

INIore  than  one  half  of  all  the  ivory  of  the  world 
comes  Iroin  the  tusks  of  the  elephant  and  the  teeth  of 
the  hippopotamus  of  the  Congo  valley.  Most  of  the 
ivory  is  shipped  to  Antwerp  and  to  London,  where  the 
finest  is  used  for  making  billiard  balls. 


CENTRAL  AFRICA 


145 


In  this  great  region  tliere  are  areas  of  fertile  land 
that  might  yield  large  agricultural  crops,  Ijut  such  a 
warm,  moist  climate  is  not  attractive  to  white  people, 
only  a small  number  of  wdrom  now  dwell  there. 

Boma  is  the  capital,  or  seat  of  government,  of  the 
Congo  State.  Matadi  is  at  the  foot  of  the  cataracts  of 
the  river.  European  steamers  reach  that  point,  and  rail- 


Bringing  Rubber  to  a Trading  Station 


roads  built  around  the  cataracts  make  connection  with 
Leopoldville,  on  a wide  section  of  the  river  called  Stan- 
ley Pool.  That  city  is  the  center  to  which  the  trade  of 
the  valley  comes  by  way  of  the  Congo  and  its  l)ranches. 

The  res;ion  northwest  of  the  Congo  State  and  border- 
ing  on  the  Congo  River  is  a part  of  the  French  posses- 
sions in  Africa,  and  is  called  the  French  Congo,  or  French 
Equatorial  Africa.  In  the  forests  of  this  region  are 
found  tlie  chimpanzee  and  the  gorilla.  The  latter  is  the 
largest  variety  of  the  ape  family.  It  is  a powerful  ani- 
mal, more  human  in  appearance  than  most  monkeys. 

Both  the  French  Congo  and  the  German  territory  of 


146 


AFRICA 


Kamerim  adjoining  it  are  occupied  by  uncivilized  tribes 
and  many  wild  animals.  The  French  and  the  Germans 
are  seeking  to  develop  these  colonies,  Ijiit  contact  with 
civilization  is  still  mostly  conlined  'to  trading  stations 
on  the  coast. 

On  account  of  the  greater  elevation  of  nmch  of  the 
eastern  portion  of  central  Africa,  and  its  mountains  and 
lakes,  it  is  a region  very  different  from  the  Congo  basin. 


Dancers  in  Eastern  Congo  Region 


Great  Britain  owns  much  land  here.  The  eastern  part 
of  her  territory  is  called  British  East  Africa,  and  the 
western  portion  the  Uganda. 

This  great  region  contains  grassy  plains,  as  well  as 
mountains  and  valleys,  and  supports  a vast  number  of 
wild  animals.  In  the  swamps  are  the  hippopotamus 
and  the  rhinoceros.  Herds  of  large  elephants  move  to 
and  fro  across  the  country.  Great  numl)ers  of  deer, 
antelopes,  gazelles,  and  other  small  animals  feed  in  the 
grassy  open  sections,  and  lions  steal  out  from  their  re- 


CENTRAL  AFRICA 


147 


treats  to  prey  upon  them.  Long-necked  giraffes  eat 
leaves  and  twigs  from  the  trees.  There  are  many  Ijuf- 
faloes,  zebras,  and  wild  hogs,  also  leopards  and  hyenas. 
Ostriches  are  numerous  in  some  sections.  The  African 
wildebeest,  or  gnu,  found  here  is  a strange  animal.  Its 
body  resendjles  that  of  the  horse,  but  its  head  is  like  that 
of  the  ox.  The  abundance  of  bis;  game  makes  this  the 
most  attractive  region  in  the  world  for  lumtsmen. 

O 


Natives  of  British  East  Africa 


The  natives  of  East  Africa  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
forest  regions  of  the  western  part,  but  in  this  more  open 
country  their  condition  is  somewhat  better.  Many  of 
them  keep  cattle  and  sheep,  wdiich  they  drive  into  the 
inclosures  of  their  villages  at  night.  They  make  much 
use  of  the  banana  plant.  The  fibers  from  the  stalks  are 
made  into  kinds  of  wickerwork,  and  the  leaves  are  used 
for  tablecloths.  The  people  make  a kind  of  soap  from 
the  sap,  and  from  the  fruit  a drink  resembling  lemonade. 


148 


AFRICA 


These  natives,  like  those  of  other  parts  of  Africa,  are 
very  fond  of  personal  ornaments.  The  girls  wear  chains 
around  tlieir  necks  and  ankles  and  wind  wires  around 
their  limbs.  Many  boys  wear  sticks  of  wood  thrust 
through  great  lioles  in  their  ears. 

The  Uganda  has  a healthful  climate,  attractive  scen- 
ery, and  fertile  land.  The  long  railroad  route  from 
the  Cape  to  Cairo  passes  across  it,  and  it  is  expected  to 
become  an  important  stock-raising  country. 


East  African  Adornment 


German  East  Africa,  farther  south,  is  not  so  valu- 
able territory  as  the  British  portion.  It  is  about  twice 
as  large  as  Germany  in  Europe.  The  Germans  are 
hastening  to  civilize  the  people  and  to  introduce  pro- 
ductive industries.  They  are  establishing  trading  stations 
and  plantations  of  coffee,  cocoa,  and  cotton. 

This  eastern  section  of  central  Africa  is  the  region  of 


CENTRAL  AFRICA 


149 


the  o;reat  mountains  and  lakes.  Some  of  the  mountain 
peaks,  although  very  near  the  equator,  are  always  covered 
with  snow.  Lake  Mctoria  is,  next  to  Lake  Superior, 
the  largest  lake  in  the  world. 

Alombasa  is  the  chief  city  and  the  capital  of  British 
East  Africa.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  Lake 
A^ictoria,  and  is  the  port  through  which  goods  from  the 
Uganda  and  the  interior  are  shipped  to  Europe. 


Main  Street  in  Mombasa 


Zanzibar,  on  Zanzibar  Island,  is  under  the  rule  of  a 
sultan,  but  is  subject  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  one  of  the 
chief  tradino;  centers  of  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa. 

o 

1.  How  far  is  Matadi  from  Boma? 

‘2.  In  what  direction  is  Leopoldville  from  IMatadi  ? 

3.  Loango  is  a trading  station  of  the  French  Congo.  How  far  is  it 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Congo  V 

4.  Where  are  the  Kamerun  Mountains  ? 

5.  Nairobi,  on  the  railroad  from  Mombasa,  is  a British  military 
station.  How  far  is  it  from  IMombasa? 

fi.  tVhat  is  the  name  of  the  port  on  Lake  Victoria  at  the  terminus 
of  the  railroad  from  Mombasa  ? 

7.  Name  the  lofty  mountains  of  tliis  region  that  are  near  the  equator. 


150 


AFRICA 


8.  On  ■whicli  side  of  the  equator  is  the  greater  part  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria? 

.0.  How  long  is  Lake  Tanganyika? 

10.  Wliat  two  towns  are  on  the  coast  near  the  island  of  Zanzibar? 


11.  Sketch  a map  of  the  central  portion  of  Africa,  showing  the 
boundaries  of  tlie  countries  and  the  most  important  mountains,  lakes, 
rivers,  and  towns. 


Mission  School  in  Central  Africa 


17.  Southern  Africa 

In  passing  to  the  southern  part  of  Africa  we  come  to 
a region  where  favorable  conditions  of  climate  and  soil 
have  caused  the  white  man  to  settle.  Except  along  the 
eastern  coast  there  is  not  sufficient  rainfall  to  support 
the  growth  of  such  dense  forests  as  liave  prevented  the 
settlement  of  otlier  regions.  White  settlers  have  been 
attracted  liy  the  large  extent  of  open  country,  as  they 
liave  been  attracted  to  the  plains  of  Argentina,  in  South 
America.  The  climate  also  lias  been  an  inducement. 
In  a region  no  farther  from  the  equator  it  would  ordi- 
narily lie  very  warm,  hut  the  elevation  of  the  great 
tableland  renders  the  climate  temperate. 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA 


151 


The  climate  of  southern  Africa,  however,  is  not  al- 
together favorable  to  tillers  of  the  soil.  Winds  from 
the  east  bring  an  abundant  supply  of  moisture  to  the 
mountainous  regions  near  the  coast,  but  the  great  extent 
of  country  beyond  is  generally  arid,  and  in  the  western 


Boers  on  Trek  in  South  Africa 


part  of  tlie  continent  is  a barren  desert.  Yet  the  region 
is  healthful,  and  a large  part  yields  grass  enough  for 
the  industry  of  grazing. 

Two  classes  of  Europeans  have  had  most  to  do  with 
the  development  of  southern  Africa.  They  are  the  Dutch, 
who  have  given  their  attention  chiefly  to  farming  and 
herding,  and  the  English,  who  have  been  the  managers 
of  commercial  enterprises. 

Long  ao'o  the  Dutch  made  a settlement  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  continent,  in  Avhat  is  now  Cape  Colony. 
Troidfles  afterward  arose  with  English  people,  who 
also  settled  there,  and  the  colony  came  into  the  posses- 


152 


AFRICA 


sion  of  Great  Britain.  The  neighboring  smaller  colony 
of  Natal,  which  had  l>een  settled  by  the  Dutch,  also  be- 
came British  territory.  After  this  many  Dutch,  called 
Boei-s,  emigrated  and  established  the  Orange  Free  State, 
now  known  as  the  Orange  River  Colony,  and  the  Trans- 
vaal Re])ublic,  or  the  Transvaal  Colony. 


Johannesburg 


At  a later  time  troubles  again  rose  between  the  Boers 
and  the  British.  Great  numbers  of  Englishmen  and 
other  foreigners  had  come  to  the  colonies,  and  these 
held  the  greater  }>art  of  the  wealth  of  the  country, 
but  the  descendants  of  the  Dutch  were  still  the  rulino; 
class  and  were  not  disposed  to  give  to  others  a share 
in  the  government.  These  conditions  led  to  a great 
war,  at  the  close  of  which,  in  the  year  1900,  all  the 
colonies  were  brought  under  British  control. 

This  country,  with  the  adjoining  British  })ossessions 
farther  north,  is  known  as  British  South  Africa.  It 
comprises  the  best  portions  of  the  southei'ii  part  of  the 
continent. 

The  people  of  tire  colonies  now  live  together  peacefully. 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA 


153 


In  1909  they  were  organized  under  a new  constitution, 
which  unites  them  in  one  government  somewhat  like 
that  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  The  country  is  now 
properly  called  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  and  the 
colonies  of  which  it  consists  are  called  provinces. 

Alost  of  the  dark-skinned  natives  of  southern  Africa 


KafRr  Family  and  Kraal 


Ijelong  to  three  distinct  classes,  called  Kaffirs,  Bushmen, 
and  Hottentots.  The  Bushmen  and  Hottentots  are 
small  and  inferior  people,  but  the  Kaffirs,  some  of  whom 
are  called  Zidus,  are  strong  and  intelligent.  Many  of 
them  are  employed  in  the  industries  of  the  white  man. 

Wild  animals  have  been  a disadvantage  to  settlers  on 
the  frontiers,  but  as  settlement  has  increased  these  have 
been  exterminated  or  driven  awa}x 

The  lowlands  and  slopes  near  the  eastern  and  southern 
coasts  are  suited  to  agriculture  and  produce  a large 
amount  of  various  crops.  Choice  fruit  is  shipped  to  the 
Loudon  market  in  midwinter. 


154 


AFRICA 


A great  part  of  the  land,  however,  is  used  for  grazing. 
On  the  open  tableland,  called  the  veldt,  are  vast  regions 
where  grass  grows  luxuriantly  during  the  rainy  season, 
and  after  becoming  dry  continues  to  furnish  food  for 
live  stock.  Boer  herdsmen  there  raise  large  numbers 
of  cattle,  shee}),  and  goats. 

There  are  also  many  ostrich  farms  in  South  Africa. 
Ostrich,  feathers  were  once  obtained  wholly  from  the 


Ostriches  in  South  Africa 


wild  ostriches  killed  in  the  Sudan  and  in  South  Africa, 
but  it  has  Iteen  found  profitable  to  domesticate  ostriches 
and  raise  flocks  of  them,  in  order  to  pluck  the  feathers 
at  regular  intervals.  From  the  tail  and  wings  of  an 
ostrich  are  plucked  as  many  as  a pound  of  feathers  a 
year,  and  these  are  sold  at  very  high  prices. 

South  Africa  exports  immense  rpiantities  of  wool, 
liides,  feathers,  and  mohair,  which  is  the  hair  of  the 
Angora  goat.  It  imports  many  articles  from  other 
countries.  The  United  States  sends  to  South  Africa 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA 


155 


millions  oi  dollars  worth  of  flour,  machinery,  hardware, 
agricultural  implements,  lumber,  and  other  articles. 

In  the  year  183b  some  Boers  settled  in  the  region  where 
the  city  of  Johannesburg  now  is,  and  another  band  at 
the  same  time  emigrated  to  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of 
Kimberley.  It  was  afterward  found  that  one  of  these 
companies  had  settled  upon  “forty  miles  of  gold,”  and 
the  other  upon  “ one  hundred  acres  of  diamonds.” 


Wool  and  Cattle  Market,  Johannesburg 


The  richest  gold  field  in  the  world  was  discovered  in 
1884  in  a ridge  of  hills  near  Johannesburg.  In  some 
years  more  gold  has  been  taken  from  this  field  than  from 
all  the  mines  of  the  United  States.  Many  native  Kaftirs 
work  in  the  gold  mines,  and  many  thousand  Chinamen 
have  been  brought  into  the  country  for  the  purpose. 

In  1867  a traveler  in  the  veldt  was  presented  with 
some  beautiful  pebbles  l)y  a farmer,  who  had  found  them 
along  the  banks  of  a river.  The  traveler  afterward 
discovered  that  one  of  these  pebbles  was  a A^ery  valuable 
diamond.  This  incident  led  to  a Iona;  search  that  re- 


156 


AFRICA 


suited  iu  the  discovery  of  mines  from  which  most  of  the 
diamonds  of  the  world  have  since  been  obtained. 

Thousands  of  laborers,  mostly  native  Africans,  work 
underground  in  the  mines,  blasting  out  the  soft  rock,  or 
‘C'jlue  ground,”  that  contains  the  diamonds.  After  this 
rock  has  been  brought  to  the  surface  and  exposed  to  the 
air  for  several  months,  it  softens,  and  then  wuishing  ma- 


Diamond  Mine,  Kimberley 


chines  separate  the  line  clay,  leaving  only  coarse  sand 
and  gravel,  with  diamonds  scattered  through  the  mass. 
Then  this  matter  passes  over  a ‘‘  diamond  sorter,”  wdiich 
is  a table  covered  with  tallow.  Diamonds  have  a tend- 
ency to  stick  to  a greasy  sulistance,  and  since  they  are 
so  heavy,  they  settle  to  the  l;)ottoni  and  remain  in  the 
tallow,  while  the  sand  and  gravel  are  shaken  off.  The 
diamonds  were  formerly  picked  out  of  the  gravel  by  hand, 
l3ut  it  has  been  found  that  this  machine  is  much  more 
reliable  than  the  human  eye. 

Laljorers  in  the  diamond  mines  live,  with  their  fami- 
lies, in  large  inclosures  called  “ compounds.”  These  are 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA 


157 


surrounded  by  high  fences  to  prevent  the  theft  that  might 
occur  if  the  laborers  were  to  come  and  sro  at  will.  In  the 

o 

compounds  are  all  necessary  conveniences  and  provisions 
for  comfort,  including  swimming  pools,  hospitals  for  the 
sick,  and  even  churches.  When  laborers  enter,  they  agree 
to  remain  for  a certain  time,  and  many  remain  voluntarily 
for  several  years. 


After  Work  is  Over,  Diamond  Mine  Compound 


Aside  from  the  gold  mines  and  the  diamonds,  the 
development  of  South  Africa  lias  only  begun.  There 
are  as  yet  but  few  railroads,  and  products  are  usually 
drawn  long  distances  by  slow  teams  of  oxen.  One  disad- 
vantage is  the  want  of  good  harbors  along  the  coast.  The 
best  harbor  is  at  the  Portuguese  city  of  Lourenco  Mar- 
quez, in  Delagoa  Bay.  This  is  a nearer  outlet  for  the 
goods  of  the  Transvaal  than  are  the  English  ports  of 
Cape  Town  and  Port  Elizalieth,  on  the  southern  coast. 

The  greatest  natural  wonder  of  South  Africa  is  the 
Victoria  Falls  of  the  Zambezi  River.  The  width  of  the 


158 


AFRICA 


falls  is  more  than  a mile,  and  the  height  nearly  three 
hundred  and  fifty  feet.  Below  the  falls  the  river  runs 
through  a deep  gorge  for  forty-five  miles.  The  Cape  to 
Cairo  Railroad  crosses  the  gorge  within  sight  of  the 
falls,  and  it  is  believed  that  a portion  of  the  vast  water 


Victoria  Falls 


power  wdll  at  some  time  Ite  nsed  to  drive  the  trains. 
The  bridge,  fonr  hundred  and  twenty  feet  above  the 
water,  is  the  highest  in  the  v/orld. 

The  small  country  of  Natal  has  been  called  the  “ garden 
colony  of  Great  Britain.”  It  is  a well-watered  and  beau- 
tiful region  covered  wdth  vegetation,  and  produces  a great 
variety  of  crops.  Durban,  its  seaport,  is  a popular  water- 
ing place.  It  is  fre(|uented  by  European  tourists  during 
the  winter  season,  wliich  lasts  from  May  to  August. 

Portugal  at  one  time  claimed  nearly  all  (jf  Africa.  It 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA 


159 


still  holds  the  region  named  Mozambique,  or  Portuguese 
East  Africa,  and  Angola,  or  Portuguese  AYest  Africa. 
These  have  been  but  little  explored  and  developed,  and 
are  considered  of  slight  value. 

German  Southwest  Africa  is  largely  a desert  of  little 
account.  The  port  of  ^Yalfisch  Bay,  on  the  coast,  belongs 
to  Great  Britain. 


West  Street,  Durban 


The  large  island  of  Madagascar  is  under  the  control 
of  the  French.  It  has  a mixed  population  of  negroes, 
Malays,  and  Arabs.  It  contains  valuable  forests,  from 
which  lumber  and  rubber  are  obtained.  It  produces 
coffee  and  many  cattle. 

1.  Compare  the  latitude  of  Cape  Horn  with  tliat  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

2.  Compare  the  latitude  of  Cape  Horn  with  that  of  Alexandria. 

•3.  Where  is  Cape  Agulhas  ? 

4.  Hame  all  the  divisions  of  the  British  possessions  of  South  Africa. 

5.  Pietermaritzburg  was  once  the  capital  of  Natal.  How  far  is  it 
from  Durbair  ? 

6.  Bloemfontein  was  the  capital  of  the  Orange  Free  State.  In  what 
direction  is  it  fioin  Durban  ? 


160 


AFRICA 


7.  Pretoria,  the  former  capital  of  the  Transvaal  Repuhlic,  is  now 
tlie  executive  capital  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  llow  far  is  it  from 
Delagoa  Bay  ? 

8.  Salisbury  and  Bulowayo  are  thriving  towns.  In  what  section  of 
South  Africa  are  they? 

9.  In  what  direction  is  Johannesburg  from  Kimberley? 

10.  Sketch  a map  of  the  part  of  Africa  .south  of  the  Congo  State  and 
German  East  Africa,  showing  the  boundaries  of  the  countries  and  the 
jn-incipal  rivers  and  cities. 


Government  Building,  Pretoria 
REVIEW 

1.  Describe  the  physical  features  of  Africa. 

2.  Explain  the  climate  of  Africa. 

.3.  Explain  the  cause  of  the  Desert  of  Sahara. 

4.  In  what  parts  of  the  continent  have  Claucasian  peoples  lived? 

5.  Tell  about  the  people  of  central  Africa. 

G.  How  has  the  unbroken  coa.st  line  of  Africa  prevented  settlement 
by  white  people  ? 

7.  Why  has  it  been  difficult  to  reach  the  interior  by  way  of  the 
rivers? 

8.  How  has  the  climate  along  the  coast  been  a hindrance? 

9.  Tell  about  the  natural  resources  of  Africa. 

10.  Tell  about  the  railroads. 

11.  Give  two  reasons  for  calling  Egypt  the  “ Gift  of  the  Nile.” 

12.  State  the  seasons  of  the  year  in  which  the  Nile  rises  and  falls. 


REVIEW 


161 


13.  From  what  country  is  much  of  the  soil  of  Egypt  broug'ht  by  the 
Nile? 

IJr.  IVhy  was  the  deposit  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile  called  a delta? 

15.  Give  an  account  of  the  ancient  Egyptians. 

16.  Describe  the 
Great  Pyramid. 

17.  What  were  the 
obelisks  ? 

18.  What  are  the 
mummies? 

19.  Tell  about  the 
present  inhabitants  of 
the  country. 

20.  Explain  the 
government  of  Egyjit. 

21.  Tell  about  the 
irrigation  works  of 
Egypt. 

22.  Describe  the 
Assuan  dam. 

23.  Describe  the  barrage  near  Cairo. 

21.  What  are  some  of  the  products  of  Egypt? 

25.  What  are  some  of  the  habits  of  Egyptian  peasants? 

26.  Describe  the  city  of  Cairo. 

27.  Give  a brief  history  of  the  city  of  Alexandria. 

28.  Wliy  has  northwestern  Africa  a desirable  climate? 

29.  Who  are  the  Berbers,  and  how  do  they  live? 

30.  Where  do  the  Arabs  and  the  Moors  live? 

31.  Give  an  account  of  the  Barbary  pirates. 

32.  Why  has  but  little  been  known  about  Morocco? 

33.  Describe  lUorocco. 

31.  AVhat  ai'e  some  of  its  products? 

35.  AVhat  kind  of  government  did  Alorocco  have  formerly? 

36.  How  did  that  country  become  a French  protectorate  ? 

37.  Tell  about  the  port  of  Tangier. 

38.  Tell  about  the  city  of  Fez. 

39.  Describe  the  country  of  Algeria. 

40.  AVhat  improvements  have  the  French  made  in  Algeria? 

41.  AAdiat  articles  are  exported  from  Algeria? 

12.  Tell  about  Tunis. 

43.  AAdiat  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people  of  Tripoli? 

44.  How  large  is  the  Desert  of  Sahara? 


1G2 


AFRICA 


45.  Describe  the  surface  of  the  desei't. 

4(i.  Tell  about  the  herdsmen  ou  the  desert. 

47.  What  are  the  oases  ? 

48.  AVho  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  oases,  and  wliat  is  their  occupation? 

49.  Describe  the  date  palm. 

50.  For  what  different  purposes  is  the  date  palm  useful  ? 

51.  What  other  jieople  have 
dwelt  upon  the  desert  besides  the 
inhabitants  of  the  oases? 

52.  AVhy  are  camels  adapted 
to  de.sert  regions? 

58.  Describe  the  journey  of 
a caravan  across  the  desert. 

54.  AVliat  improvements  have 
the  French  made  in  the  Sahara? 

55.  What  section  of  Africa 
is  called  the  Sudan  ? 

50.  Describe  the  Sudan. 

57.  AVhy  have  tlie  inhalnt- 
ants  become  partially  civilized? 

58.  Describe  the  homes  and 
occupations  of  these  people. 

59.  AVhat  are  the  three  divi- 
sions of  the  Sudan? 

00.  AVhat  are  the  chief  in- 
dustrial cities  of  the  central 
Sudan  ? 

An  Arab  Village  01.  Tell  about  the  city  of 

Kano  and  its  inhabitants. 

62.  Describe  Kuka  and  its  vicinity. 

63.  AVhy  has  Timbuktu  a favorable  location  for  trade? 

04.  Tell  about  the  regions  along  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

65.  Give  the  history  of  the  country  of  Liberia. 

66.  Tell  about  the  people  of  Liberia. 

07.  Tell  about  palm  nuts  and  palm  oil. 

08.  State  how  the  colony  of  Sierra  Leone  was  founded. 

69.  Name  several  trading  stations  along  the  coast. 

70.  Tell  about  the  inhabitants  of  Nubia. 

71.  Describe  tbe  city  of  Khartum. 

72.  For  what  is  Omdurmau  a great  market? 

73.  Describe  tbe  country  of  Abyssinia. 

74.  Tell  about  the  inhabitants  of  Abyssinia. 


REVIEW 


163 


75.  What  are  some  of  the  products  of  that  country  V 
7t).  What  are  some  of  the  wild  animals  of  Abyssinia? 

77.  Of  wliat  two  parts  does  the  equatorial  belt  of  Africa  consist? 

78.  Describe  the  Congo  lliver. 

79.  Describe  the  Congo  basin. 

80.  Why  are  not  large  wild  animals  abundant  in  this  region? 

81.  What  animals  are  found  in  these  forests? 

82.  Give  the  history  of  the  government  of  the  Congo  State. 


Zulu  Woman  weaving  Mat 


83.  Who  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  Congo  valley? 

81.  What  improvements  liave  the  Belgians  made? 

85.  Tell  about  the  hotnes  and  the  occupations  of  the  Congo  natives'. 
80.  Tell  about  the  pygmies. 

87.  Explain  the  government  of  the  country. 

88.  IIow  is  rubber  obtained  in  the  Congo  State  ? 

89.  Tell  about  the  ivory  industry. 

90.  Explain  the  locations  of  the  three  principal  cities  of  the  country. 

91.  IVhat  animals  are  found  in  the  Fi-ench  Congo? 

92.  Tell  about  the  iuhabitants  of  the  French  Congo  and  Kamerun. 

93.  Why  is  the  ea.stern  portion  of  central  Africa  very  different 
from  the  Congo  valley  ? 

91.  Tell  about  the  animals  of  British  East  Africa  and  the  Uganda. 

95.  How  do  the  natives  of  East  Africa  live  ? 

96.  What  uses  do  they  make  of  the  banana  plant? 

97.  What  are  some  of  the  habits  of  these  natives  ? 

98.  Describe  the  Uganda. 

99.  Describe  German  East  Africa. 


164 


AFRICA 


100.  Tell  about  the  niouiitaius  aud  lakes  of  East  Africa. 

101.  Describe  IMoinbasa. 

102.  Tell  about  Zenegambia. 

103.  Give  reasons  why  white  peoi:>le  have  settled  in  southern  Africa. 

104.  Explain  the  climate  of  southern  Africa. 

10.5.  What  European  peoples  have  developed  southern  Africa  V 
10(1.  Give  a brief  history  of  tlie  English  and  the  Dutch  in  South 
Africa. 

107.  Explain  the  present  government  of  South  Africa. 


Cape  Town  and  Table  Mountain,  Cape  Colony 


108.  Tell  about  the  natives. 

109.  What  part  of  the  country  is  suitable  for  agriculture? 

110.  Describe  the  veldt. 

111.  Explain  ostrich  farming. 

112.  What  are.  some  of  the  exports  of  South  Africa? 

113.  What  articles  does  the  United  States  send  to  that  country? 
111.  Tell  about  the  gold  mines  of  South  Africa. 

115.  Hovv  were  diamonds  discovered  there? 

11(1.  Explain  how  diamonds  are  obtained. 

117.  Tell  about  the  laborers  in  the  diamond  mines. 

118.  What  are  the  best  harbors  of  southern  Africa? 

119.  Describe  Victoria  Falls. 

120.  Tell  about  the  province  of  Ratal. 

121.  What  territory  does  Portugal  possess  in  southern  Africa? 

122.  Describe  the  island  of  Madagascar. 


AUSTRALIA 


165 


i8.  Australia 

Australia  is  about  as  large  as  the  United  States  with- 
out Alaska.  This  coutiuent  has  a comparatively  level 
interior  which  gradually  rises  to  a rim  of  hills  and 
mountains  that  extend  around  a large  part  of  the  coast. 
The  highest  mountains  are  near  the  eastern  coast. 

The  climate  is  tropical  in  the  northern  part,  l^ut  tem- 
perate in  the  southern  sec- 
tion, as  we  should  readily 
judge  from  the  parallels  of 
latitude  between  which  it 
lies.  The  greater  part  of 
the  territory  is  very  dry,  but 
the  southeast  trade  winds 
hring;  an  abundance  of  rain 
to  the  highlands  of  the  east, 
and  these  are  covered  with 
forests.  There  are  forests 
also  in  the  tropical  northern 
section  to  which  the  mon- 
soons bring;  much  rain . Parts 
of  the  southern  coast  and 
the  island  of  Tasmania  are 
so  far  south  that  they  are  supplied  with  moisture  by 
prevailing  westerly  winds. 

West  of  the  eastern  highland  section,  which  has  rain 
enough  for  forests  and  for  agriculture,  is  a region  gen- 
erally covered  with  grass,  that  springs  up  in  the  rainy 
season.  Farther  west  is  a drier  section,  called  “ The 
Bush.”  On  this  there  is  a growth  of  peculiar  plants 


166 


AUSTRALIA 


that  are  alhe  to  live  in  a climate  too  dry  for  otlier  veg- 
etation. The  western  part  of  the  continent,  with  the 
exception  of  certain  narrow  regions  along  the  coast,  is 
a barren  desert,  parts  of  which  liave  never  been  explored. 

There  are  many  things  of  peculiar  interest  in  Australia. 
Some  of  the  plants  and  animals  are  different  from  those 
in  other  parts  of  tlie  world.  Grasses  grow  and  mature 

very  cpiickly  in  the  short 
rainy  season,  and  plants 
in  the  arid  regions  turn 
the  edges  of  their  foliage 
toward  the  sun  to  pre- 
vent the  evaporation  of 
moisture. 

Australia  has  many 
peculiar  trees.  The  foli- 
age of  the  grass  tree 
looks  like  a great  tuft  of 
grass.  The  botUe  tree 
has  a trunk  in  the  form 
of  a bottle.  The  most 
common  forest  tree,  how- 
ever, is  the  eucalyptus, 
of  which  there  are  many 
varieties.  The  eucalyp- 
tus is  an  evergreen,  tree,  with  drooping  leaves.  The 
outer  bark  of  some  varieties  cleaves  off,  like  that  of  the 
grapevine,  and  falls  to  the  ground.  Some  varieties 
grow  rapidly  and  reach  enormous  size.  They  are  even 
laro'er  than  the  Big  Trees  of  California,  and  are  he- 
lieved  to  be  the  largest  trees  in  the  world.  They  have 


1G8 


AUSTRALIA 


been  known  to  reach  a height  of  over  four  hundred  feet. 
Kucalyptus  trees  are  valuable  for  lumber  and  have  been 
introduced  into  various  parts  of  the  world  where  the 
climate  is  similar  to  that  in  their  native  region. 

In  Australia  there  are  more  than  one  hundred  varie- 
ties of  a class  of  animals  called  marsupials.  The  kan- 
garoo is  the  largest  of 
these.  It  carries  its 
young  in  a pouch  and 
travels  swiftly  by  long 
leaps.  There  are  many 
other  peculiar  animals, 
and  also  a great  variety 
of  large  and  small  birds. 
The  emu  is  a bird  nearly 
as  large  as  the  ostrich. 
Wild  animals  are  so 
numerous  that  many  of 
them  are  hunted  and 
killed  in  order  to  save 
the  grass  for  sheep  and  cattle. 

For  a long  time  Australia  was  supposed  to  be  a barren 
country  of  little  importance,  and  sailors  passed  it  l>y 
without  attempting  to  explore  it  or  even  claim  it.  At 
length,  in  1771,  the  English  navigator  Captain  Cook 
landed  on  the  fertile  southeastern  coast  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country  for  England. 

When  the  white  ]ieople  began  to  make  settlements, 
they  found  the  continent  sparsely  inhabited  by  dark- 
skinned  savages,  who  lived  l>v  hunting  with  crude 
weapons.  These  Australian  aborigines  are  of  a very  low 


Kangaroo 


AUSTRALIA 


169 


order  of  intelligence.  They  do  not  seem  capable  or  de- 
sirous of  ninch  civilization.  In  some  sections  small 
numbers  of  these  natives  still  live  in  huts  or  tents  made 
of  Ijark,  and  hunt  with  spears  after  the  manner  of  their 
savage  ancestors. 

Gold  was  discovered  in  Australia  soon  after  it  was 
found  in  California,  and  the  numlmr  of  settlers  then 
rapidlj^  increased.  The  first  rush 
was  to  the  vicinity  of  Melbourne, 
and  from  that  center  the  white 
population  gradually  extended 
over  the  desiral^le  parts  of  the' 
continent.  The  several  settle- 
ments were  organized  into  sepa- 
rate colonies  under  the  control 
of  governors  sent  from  England. 

In  1901  the  provinces,  or  states, 
were  united  to  form  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Australia,  with  a 
government  similar  to  that  of 
Canada.  Australia  has  self-gov- 
ernment, but  is  a part  of  the  British  Empire. 

The  neighboring  island  of  Tasmania  is  a province  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  It  is  well-watered 
and  beautiful,  and  has  many  forest-clad  mountains 
with  lakes  among  them.  It  somewhat  resembles  Swit- 
zerland,  and  is  a favorite  pleasure  resort  for  Australians. 
It  has  many  valualfie  sheep  ranches  and  fruit  orchards. 

In  those  portions  of  the  Australian  l^order  that  re- 
ceive a supply  of  rain,  particidarly  in  the  eastern  and 
southern  parts,  agriculture  is  successful,  and  various 


170 


AUSTRALIA 


crops  are  raised.  In  the  warm  climate  of  the  northern 
coast  oranges,  Ixananas,  and  other  semi-tropical  fruits 
are  produced.  Cotton,  corn,  and  sugar  cane  grow  in 
the  northeast.  AMieat  and  grapes  are  abundant  in  the 
southeast.  The  three  eastern  provinces  are  rich  in  farms, 
forests,  pasture  lands,  and  miues. 

On  account  of  the  arid  climate  that  prevails  over  a 
very  large  part  of  the  continent,  stock  raising  is  the  most 


Australian  Sheep 


important  industry.  Cattle  will  tlirive  in  a warmer  and 
moister  climate  than  sheep,  and  many  are  raised  in  the 
agricultural  districts  and  in  the  sections  immediately 
west  of  them.  Queensland  is  especially  noted  for  its 
fine  cattle. 

The  drier  plains  farther  west  are  almost  exclusively 
occupied  by  great  sheep  ranches.  On  many  single 
ranches  there  are  more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
sheep.  In  all,  there  are  more  than  one  hundred  million 
sheep  in  Australia.  Sheep  thrive  in  a climate  that  is 
not  very  hot  or  moist,  and  are  |3rofitahly  raised  where 
land  is  cheap  and  where  they  can  live  upon  grass 


AUSTRALIA 


171 


throughout  the  -year,  without  the  expense  of  shelter. 
Such  conditions  exist  in  the  western  part  of  the  United 
States  and  in  Argentina,  as  well  as  in  Australia. 

Since  Australia  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  herding 
of  sheep,  it  is  the  leading  wool-producing  countiw  of  the 
world.  The  business  there  is  very  carefully  managed. 
The  land  is  generally  fenced  into  separate  ranches,  or 
“ runs,”  in  order  that  each  herder  ma.y  give  his  own 


Wool  Teams  in  Australia 


sheep  proper  care.  In  places  distant  from  rivers,  or 
where  the  rivers  are  dry  during  a part  of  the  year,  it  is 
often  difficult  to  secure  water  for  so  many  sheep.  In 
such  places  the  herders  dig  artesian  wells  that  are  kept 
flowing  Ijy  the  pressure  of  underground  springs. 

Special  varieties  of  sheep  have  been  introduced,  and 
these  have  been  improved  by  careful  selection.  On 
account  of  this,  and  other  favorable  conditions,  Austra- 
lian wool  is  regarded  as  equal  to  the  finest  in  the  mar- 
kets. There  is  so  much  wool  to  be  handled  in  the 
country  that  special  railroads  have  been  built  and 
steamboat  lines  have  been  estaljlished  on  the  rivers 


172 


AITSTRALIA 


for  the  purpose  of  cari-ying  it  to  the  coast,  where  it  is 
shipped  away  on  ocean  vessels. 

A large  amount  of  Australian  mutton  and  l)eef  is 
frozen  and  sent  in  steamships  to  England.  Dairying  is 
an  im[)ortant  industry  in  Victoria,  a })rovince  that  ex- 
ports much  hiitter  to  Great  Britain  and  other  countries. 


Gold  Mines  at  Bendigo 


Australia  is  one  of  the  chief  gold-producing  countries 
in  the  world.  More  or  less  gold  has  been  found  in 
every  (me  of  its  states.  Especially  valuable  deposits 
have  Iteeu  discovered  in  the  barren  desert  of  the  west- 
ern part.  Communication  between  the  mines  and  tlie 
western  coast  is  by  caravans  of  camels. 

Beds  of  coal  along  the  coast  near  tlie  city  of  Sydney 
are  the  source  of  supply  for  many  steamships  tliat  fre- 
quent that  part  of  the  ocean.  Near  these  coal  fields  is  a 
supply  of  iron  ore  and  limestone.  Tliis  will  be  of  great 
use  in  the  development  of  the  country.  There  are  also 


AUSTRALIA 


173 


mines  of  copper,  silver,  and  tin,  in  the  mountains  of  tlie 
east.  The  greatest  supply  of  tin  is  found  in  Tasmania. 

Some  articles,  such  as  clothing,  boots  and  shoes,  and 
lumber,  are  manufactured  for  home  use,  but  most  of  the 
raw  products  are  shipped  away  and  manufactured  articles 
imported  in  return.  Naturally  a great  part  of  the  trade 
is  with  Great  Britain,  the  mother  country. 


A Street  in  Sydney 


On  account  of  tlie  rapid  development  of  x\ustralia  and 
the  enterprising  spirit  of  its  people,  the  cities  have  grown 
very  rapidly.  They  contain  broad  streets,  fine  bnildings, 
and  such  improvements  as  European  and  American  cities 
have.  They  are  cliielly  on  harbors  along  the  coast.  Tliis 
is  because  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  live  near 
the  coast,  and  the  industries  occasion  much  commerce. 
Railroads  connect  the  cities  with  the  farming  and  ranch- 
ing districts. 

Melbourne  and  vSydney  rank  among  the  greatest  sea- 


174 


LARGE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


poi’ts  iu  the  British  Empire.  Sydney  is  the  Oldest  city 
ill  the  country.  It  is  on  a large  harbor  that  is  protected 
from  winds  and  waves  l)y  surrounding  hills. 

1.  Itetween  what  degrees  of  latitude  does  Australia  lie? 

'2.  Oil  what  oceans  does  it  border? 

3.  Commencing  in  the  northeast,  and  omitting  Northern  Territory, 
name  in  order  all  the  provinces  of  Australia. 

4.  The  Great  Barrier  Reef  is  the  longest  range  of  coral  reefs  in  the 
world.  Near  what  part  of  Australia  is  it? 

5.  Pearl  oysters  are  found  in  the  waters  near  the  Great  Barrier  Reef. 
Name  waters  in  other  parts  of  the  world  in  whicli  they  are  obtained. 

().  "What  season  is  it  at  the  present  time  in  Australia? 

7.  In  what  direction  do  vessels  probably  sail  when  they  leave  Aus- 
tralia for  England? 

8.  Why  do  sailing  vessels  usually  go  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
while  steamships  go  through  the  Suez  Canal? 

9.  On  what  waters  would  a vessel  probably  sail  in  carrying  a load  of 
tin  from  Hobart  to  Liverpool? 

10.  Name  the  most  important  city  of  each  of  the  Australian  provinces. 

11.  Perth,  the  chief  city  of  West  Australia,  is  a starting  point  for  cara- 
vans that  go  to  the  gold  fields  of  the  desert.  Near  what  part  of  the  coast 
is  Perth  ? 

12.  Ballarat  and  Bendigo  were  formerly  mining  centers,  and  have  be- 
come lai'ge  towns.  In  what  province  are  they  ? 

13.  Make  a map  of  Australia,  showing  the  boundaries  of  the  provinces 
and  the  principal  cities. 

19.  Large  Islands  of  the  Pacific 

About  one  thousand  miles  southeast  of  Australia  are 
two  large  islands  and  one  small  one,  which  together  are 
called  New  Zealand.  The  two  large  islands  are  each 
about  the  size  of  Iowa  or  Alaliama. 

The  northern  island,  called  North  Island,  contains  vol- 
canoes, and  hot  springs  and  geysers  like  those  of  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park.  South  Island  has  glaciers 
on  its  mountains  and  fjords  along  the  coast,  like  Norway. 


LARGE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


175 


The  climate  is  temperate  and  is  rendered  moist  by 
prevailing  westerly  winds.  The  mountains  are  covered 
with  forests  and  the  lowlands  with  grass. 

There  are  no  dangerous 
wild  animals  on  these 
islands,  but  they  are  the 
home  of  a great  variety  of 
birds,  including  many  par- 
rots. One  peculiar  bird  is 
the  kiwi,  a very  large  wing- 
less creature  that  can  see  in 
the  night,  like  the  owl. 

New  Zealand  was  settled 
a little  before  the  middle  of 
the  last  century  and  is  a 
colony  of  Great  Britain. 

The  favorable  climate,  the  natural  resources,  and  the 
character  and  energy  of  the  people  have  made  it  very 
prosperous. 

Nominally  the  country  is  subject  to  a governor  ap- 
pointed by  the  King  of  England,  but  practically  this  royal 
governor  has  but  little  powder.  New  Zealand  has  become 
noted  as  a special  example  of  the  success  of  government 
by  the  people.  It  has  adopted  some  improvements  that 
larger  and  older  nations  have  not  yet  reached. 

The  natives  of  these  islands  are  called  Maoris.  They 
were  once  savages  and  cannibals,  but  are  naturally  more 
intelligent  than  the  natives  of  Australia  and  have  shown 
themselves  capable  of  becoming  civilized.  They  are  now 
on  government  reservations,  as  the  American  Indians  are. 
Many  of  the  Maoris  have  acquired  much  property.  They 


with  grass. 


Tattooed  New  Zealander 


176 


LARGE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


have  the  right  to  vote  and  to  send  representatives  to  the 
New  Zealand  parliament. 

Sheep  raising  is  the  chief  industry  in  New  Zealand,  as 
it  is  in  Australia.  There  are  more  than  twenty  million 
sheep  on  tlie  islands.  Breeds  are  selected  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  fine  mutton  rather  than  for  wool,  but 


Houses  of  Parliament  and  Cathedral,  Wellington 


botli  wool  and  mutton  are  shipped  to  the  countries  of 
Europe.  Large  quantities  of  beef,  butter,  and  cheese 
are  also  exported.  Regular  lines  of  steamers,  specially 
equipped  with  freezing  apparatus,  carry  these  goods  from 
New  Zealand  and  Australia  to  the  ports  of  Avestern 
Europe.  Tlie  products  are  kept  frozen  until  they  reach 
their  destination. 

Since  the  climate  is  more  moist  than  that  of  Australia, 
agriculture  is  more  varied.  Grains  and  fruits  groAV 
everyAvhere  in  abundance. 

On  North  Island  a tree  called  the  kauri  pine  }delds 
excellent  timber.  It  also  yields  a kind  of  gum  that  is 


LARGE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


177 


used  in  making  varnish.  Lumps  of  this  kauri  gum  are 
found  where  trees  have  died  and  decayed,  and  many  mil- 
lion dollars  worth  of  it  have  been  obtained  on  the  island. 
In  addition  to  these  resources,  there  are  valuable  mines 
of  gold  and  of  coal.  Manufacturing,  also,  is  increasing 
in  importance. 

It  is  a very  interesting 
thought  that  islands  in 
such  a remote  part  of  the 
sea  should  be  so  like 
England,  or  parts  of  the 
United  States,  with  their 
hue  farms,  great  sheep 
ra}iches,  gold  mines, 
woolen  mills,  and  many 
wealthy  people. 

Between  Australia  and 
the  Philippines  are  hnn- 
dreds  of  islands,  several 
of  which  are  very  valu- 
able. The  group,  in  general,  is  called  the  East  Indies. 
A large  numljer  of  these  islands  Ijelong  to  the  Nether- 
lands, and  are  called  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  They 
have  l^een  suljject  to  the  Dutch  people  for  more  than 
three  centuries.  Their  combined  territory  amounts  to 
more  than  sixty  times  that  of  the  Netherlands. 

Java  is  tire  most  important  island  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indies.  It  has  a population  of  more  than  twenty-five 
million  people.  They  are  Malays,  somewliat  like  the 
Filipinos,  and  have  become  partially  civilized.  The 
island  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  rice,  sugar  cane. 


Malay  Family,  Java 


178 


LARGE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


coffee,  tea,  aud  indigo.  Much  ([uinine  lias  lieeii  obtained 
from  the  cinchona  tree,  whicli  has  been  introduced  from 
the  region  of  the  Andes  Mountains. 

Batavia  is  the  capital  of  Java  and  the  residence  of 
the  governor  of  all  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  It  is  not 
only  the  seat  of  government,  but  also  the  center  of  trade 
for  all  the  colonies  of  the  East  Indies. 


Drying  Coffee  in  Java 

Borneo  is  the  third  largest  island  in  the  world.  It 
is  larger  than  the  wliole  of  Germany  or  France.  The 
British  own  the  northern  portion,  but  the  greater  part 
Iielongs  to  the  Netherlands.  The  Dutch  and  the  English 
cultivate  land  along  the  coast,  but  the  island  is  mostly 
covered  with  forests.  In  the  jungles  are  many  wild 
animals  like  those  of  Asia,  including  the  elephant,  the 
iliinoceros,  the  wild  swine,  the  great  orang-outamg,  and 
other  varieties  of  monkeys.  There  are  no  roads  across 


LARGE  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


179 


the  island,  and  much  of  it  has  not  been  explored. 
Most  of  the  natives  are  savages. 

Sumatra,  although  it  lies  so  near  to  Java,  is  in  sharp 
contrast  in  point  of  development.  Its  population  con- 
sists of  tribes  of 
Malays,  most  of 
whom  are  uncivi- 
lized. The  most 
valuable  products 
are  tobacco  and 
spices.  The  north- 
western coast  of 
Sumatra  has  been 
called  the  Pepper 
Coast. 

New  Guinea  is 
larg-er  than  Bor- 
neo,  and  larger 
than  any  other 
island  in  the  world 
except  Greenland. 

The  western  portion  belongs  to  the  Dutch,  and  the  east- 
ern portion  to  the  British  and  the  Germans.  In  some 
parts  of  this  island  there  are  lofty  mountains,  and  in 
other  sections  low  plains.  Although  the  climate  is  very 
warm  in  the  low  regions,  some  of  the  mountains  are  so 
high  that  their  summits  are  covered  with  snow.  Most 
of  New  Guinea  is  covered  with  forests  and  jungles,  in 
which  there  are  many  poisonous  snakes.  Some  of  the 
wild  animals  are  like  those  of  Australia.  One  of  them 
is  the  kangaroo.  Among  the  birds  are  many  varieties 


180 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


of  Ijircls  of  paradise.  These  are  small  birds  with  beaiiti- 
J’ul  feathers  that  are  sold  for  large  prices  to  the  milli- 
ners of  Europe.  The  natives  are  mostly  uncivilized 

tril)es  of  dark-colored  people. 
They  are  called  Papiians.  They 
live  mainly  l)y  hunting  and 
fishing,  although  some  have 
learned  to  raise  fruit  and  vege- 
tables. The  three  nations  that 
claim  New  Guinea  have  only 
small  trading  stations  along  the 
coast. 

On  most  of  the  islands  of  the 
East  Indies  tliere  are  forests  of 
valuable  timber,  that  would 
yield  campiior,  gutta-percha, 
and  other  gums. 

1.  About  how  much  farther  south  is 
the  .soutliern  part  of  New  Zealand  than 
the  southern  coast  of  Australia? 

2.  Name  states  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  that 
are  al.)out  as  far  north  of  the  equator  as  New  Zealand  is  south  of  it. 

3.  By  what  two  routes  might  a ship  sail  from  New  York  City  to 
New  Zealand? 

4.  Auckland  is  the  largest  city  of  New  Zealand.  AVhere  is  it  situ- 
ated ? 

5.  On  which  island  is  ’Wellington,  the  capital  city  of  New  Zealand? 

6.  Celebes  is  one  of  tlie  islands  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  In  what 
direction  is  it  from  Borneo? 

7.  The  IMolucca  Islands,  or  Spice  Islands,  belong  to  the  Dutch.  Be- 
tween what  larger  islands  are  they? 

8.  W’bat  water  separates  Sumatra  from  the  mainland  of  Asia? 

!).  In  wliat  part  of  .lava  is  Batavia? 

10.  Port  Morefsby  is  an  English  trading  station.  In  what  part  of 
New  Guinea  is  it? 


SMALL  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC  181 

11.  Which  of  the  large  islands  of  the  East  Indies  are  crossed  by  the 
equator  ? 

12.  Which  of  these  large  islands  is  nearest  to  the  Philippines? 

13.  Make  an  outline  map  of  the  largest  islands  of  the  East  Indies. 


20.  Small  Islands  of  the  Pacific 

There  are  many  small  islands  scattered  over  the  cen- 
tral and  western  parts  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Their 
number  is  so  great  that  an  attempt  to  learn  about  many 
of  them  would  be  confusing.  Thousands  are  mere  reefs 
of  rock,  but  hundreds  of  larger  islands  are  covered  with 
vegetation  and  are  inhalnted. 


Coral  Island 


Many  of  the  small  islands  are  of  coral  formation  and 
rise  but  little  above  the  ocean.  Some  consist  of  Ions:, 
straight  reefs,  and  others  are  in  the  form  of  circular 
ridges,  inclosing  lakes,  or  lagoons.  The  latter  are 
called  atolls.  Most  of  the  larger  islands,  and  a number 
, of  the  smaller  ones,  have  been  built  up  from  the  bed  of 
the  ocean  by  volcanic  action.  On  some  are  volcanoes 
several  thousand  feet  his:h. 

O 


182 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


All  these  islands,  worthless  as  many  of  them  are, 
have  heeu  claimed  by  civilized  nations.  Most  of  them 
belong  to  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  or  the  United 
States.  As  a rule  they  belong  to  the  nation  whose  navi- 
gators discover  them,  Init  some  have  been  transferred 
as  a result  of  war  or  of  peaceful  agreement. 

As  far  as  the  value  of  trade  is  concerned,  but  few 
are  of  much  use  to  their  owners.  They  are  very 

imjDortant,  however,  as 
coaling  stations,  where 
the  ships  of  the  great 
nations  may  obtain  fuel 
for  their  long  voyages 
across  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Coaliim:  stations  are  es- 
pecially  needful  in  time 
of  war,  when  the  war- 
ships of  any  nation  en- 
gaged in  hostilities  may 
not  enter  the  ports  of 
other  nations  to  obtain 
supplies. 

The  inhabitants  of  the 
islands  near  New  Guinea  are  chiefly  Papuans,  but  the 
people  of  the  more  distant  islands  are  very  different. 
They  have  a brown  complexion,  and  are  well  formed 
and  attractive  in  appearance.  They  are  called  Poly- 
nesians. 

The  customs  and  occupations  of  all  the  East  Indians 
are  much  alike.  Though  the  islands  are  far  apart,  the 
natives  have  the  same  general  race  characteristics  and 


Polynesian  Outrigger 


SMALL  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


183 


live  in  similar  climate  and  snrroimclings,  so  it  is  natural 
that  they  should  have  formed  similar  halhts. 

Most  of  the  Pacific  islands  have  a very  fertile  soil 
and  an  abundance  of  rain.  The  greatest  disadvantao’e 
of  their  climate  is  the  frequency  of  destructive  hurri- 
canes. 

The  attention  of  those  who  a|3proach  one  of  the 
islands  is  usually  first  attracted  to  a line  of  cocoanut 
palm  trees  along  the  coast. 

Cocoanuts  constitute  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  food  of 
the  people,  and  the  dried 
cocoanut  meat,  called  copra, 
is  the  most  common  article 
that  they  have  to  sell.  Co- 
coanuts grow  in  clusters 
among  the  leaves  at  the  top 
of  the  tree  trunk.  When 
they  are  ripe  and  fall,  tfie 
natives  l^reak  the  shell,  dry 
the  pieces  of  meat  in  the 
sun,  and  pack  them  for  ship- 
ment. In  exchange  for 
copra  they  are  able  to  buy  such  kinds  of  food  and  manu- 
factured articles  as  they  have  become  accustomed  to  use. 

The  banana  plant  thrives  in  all  the  islands,  and  adds 
greatly  to  the  food  supplju  In  many  regions  the  bread- 
fruit tree  is  of  consideralde  importance.  Some  of  the 
islanders  raise  sweet  potatoes  and  other  vegetables  that 
grow  without  much  cultivation.  Here  and  there  patches 
of  tolxacco  are  seen,  reminding  us  to  what  remote  parts 


Fiji  Islander 


184 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


of  the  world  this  American  plant  lias  been  carried.  The 
shallow  waters  near  the  coasts  generally  yield  a plenti- 
I'ul  supply  of  fish. 

The  need  of  but  little  clothing  in  sucli  a warm  cli- 
mate, and  the  alinndant  supply  of  food  provided  by 
nature,  have  tended  to  render  the  people  indolent.  If 
they  had  sufficient  ambition  and  energy,  many  might 
gain  Avealth  from  the  soil  and  enjoy  the  improvements 
of  civilized  life. 

The  Fiji  Islands,  which  belong  to  Great  Britain,  are 
the  most  important  and  thriving  colony  in  that  part  of 
the  Pacilic.  There  are  more  than  two  hundred  islands 
in  the  group.  Alost  of  them  are  very  small,  liut  two  or 
three  are  of  considerable  size.  All  the  British  islands 
of  the  Western  Pacific  are  subject  to  the  governor  of 
Ihe  Fiji  Islands,  Avho  is  called  the  Fligh  Commissioner 
of  the  Western  Pacilic. 

Most  of  the  scattered  islands  have  native  chiefs,  but 
these  are  subject  to  the  advice  of  the  British  governor. 
Sugar,  copra,  rice,  tea,  and  tobacco  are  shipped  from  the 
Fiji  Islands  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

The  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  Pacilic  islands 
belonging  to  the  French  is  Ncav  Caledonia,  situated  about 
seven  hundred  miles  east  of  Australia.  It  is  used  as  a 
colony  for  French  convicts,  who  Avork  under  the  charge 
of  soldiers.  This  island  is  very  rich  in  minerals.  It 
produces  much  nickel  and  cobalt.  The  Loyalty  Islands, 
not  far  from  Noav  Caledonia,  also  belong  to  the  French. 

.A  part  of  the  Samoa  Islands  belong  to  Germany,  and 
the  remainder  to  the  United  States.  Those  belonging 
to  us  are  small,  but  they  provide  a convenient  stopping 


SMALL  ISLANDS  OF  THE  PACIFIC 


185 


place  for  our  steainsliips  on  the  voyage  from  the  Pacific 
coast  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  They  will  also  be 
on  the  line  of  steamers  passing  through  the  Panama 
Canal.  We  have  a fine  haiTor  and  coalins;  station  at 
Pago  Pago,  on  the  island  of  Tutuila,  which  is  one  of 
the  Samoa  group. 


Festive  Day  at  a Chief’s  House  in  Samoa 


1.  Name  the  large  islanits  and  groups  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  that 
belong  to  the  United  States. 

2.  Name  those  that  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

3.  Name  those  that  belong  to  France. 

4.  Name  those  that  belong  to  Germany. 

5.  About  how  far  is  it  from  the  Fiji  Islands  to  New  Zealand? 

6.  What  two  islands,  belonging  to  the  United  States,  lie  betw'een 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  the  Philippines? 

7.  In  what  direction  are  the  Samoa  Islands  from  Hawaii  ? 

8.  In  what  direction  are  the  Fiji  Islands  from  the  Samoa  Islands? 

9.  In  what  direction  are  the  Fiji  Islands  from  New  Guinea? 

10.  Across  what  islands  does  the  one  hundred  and  eightieth  meridian 
of  longitude  extend? 

11.  Write  lists  of  the  large  islands  and  groups  of  islands  in  the  Pacific 
that  belong  to  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Germany. 


186 


DISTANT  COUNTRIES 


REVIEW 

1.  Describe  the  surface  of  Australia. 

2.  Explain  the  climate  and  rainfall. 

11.  Tell  about  the  vegetation  of  successive  sectioms  of  Australia  from 
the  east  towaivl  the  west. 

4.  Describe  the  peculiar  plants  and  trees. 

•a.  Tell  about  the  eucalyptus  trees. 

(i.  Describe  tlie  animals  called  marsupials. 

7.  d'ell  about  some  of  the  birds. 

8.  Give  au  account  of  the  settlement  of  Australia  by  the  English. 


In  the  Australian  “ Bush  ” 


0.  Tell  about  the  natives  of  the  continent. 

10.  Tell  about  the  discovery  of  gold. 

11.  Exidain  tlie  government  of  Australia. 

T2.  Describe  the  island  of  Tasmania. 

E).  State  what  farm  crops  are  raised  in  different  sections  of  Aus- 
tralia. 

11.  Why  is  stock  raising  the  most  important  industry  ? 

1.").  'U'here  are  many  cattle  raised? 

10.  Wliy  can  sheep  be  profitably  raised  in  Australia? 

17.  Describe  the  Australian  sheep  ranches. 

IS.  In  wliat  parts  of  the  continent  is  gold  found? 

19.  Wdiere  are  the  largest  coal  fields? 


REVIEW 


187 


20.  Wliat  other  minerals  are  found  in  the  country  ? 

21.  What  kind  of  goods  do  Australians  purchase  from  other  countries  V 

22.  Why  is  a good  part  of  their  trade  with  Great  Britain? 

23.  Describe  the  cities  of  Australia. 

2-1.  Tell  about  Melbourne  and  Sydney. 

25.  Of  what  does  New  Zealand  consist? 

26.  Describe  the  physical  features  of  that  country. 

27.  Tell  about  the  animals. 

28.  Tell  about  the  settlement  of  New  Zealand. 

29.  Explain  the  goyernment  of  the  country. 

30.  Tell  about  the  natives. 

31.  Tell  about  the  industry  of  stock  raising. 

32.  What  are  the  uses  of  the  kauri  pine? 

33.  Describe  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 

31.  Tell  abmtt  the  people  and  productions  of  Java. 

35.  Tell  about  Batavia. 

36.  Describe  the  island  of  Borneo. 

37.  Describe  the  island  of  Sumatra. 

38.  Describe  the  island  of  New  Guinea. 

39.  What  articles  are  obtained  from  the  forests  of  the  East  Indies? 

40.  IIow  many  islands  are  there  in  the  western  part  of  the  Tacific  ? 

41.  AVhat  are  atolls  ? 

42.  To  what  nations  do  most  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  belong? 

43.  Of  what  value  are  they  to  these  nations? 

44.  To  what  classes  do  most  of  the  inhabitants  belong? 

45.  Why  are  the  habits  of  the  islanders  very  much  alike? 

46.  Explain  how  copra  is  produced. 

47.  IVhat  other  articles  do  the  people  raise? 

48.  Why  are  they  naturally  inclined  to  be  indolent? 

49.  Describe  the  Fiji  I.slands. 

50.  How  are  the  British  islands  of  the  Pacific  governed  ? 

51.  Ilescribe  New  Caledonia. 

52.  To  whom  do  the  Samoa  Islands  belong? 

53.  AVhy  are  those  that  belong  to  the  United  States  of  much  value 


APPENDIX 

Akea  and  Population 

The  figures  for  population  are  according  to  tlie  most  recent  census  or  estimate. 

Asia 


Area  im 

Popula- 

Area in 

I’oPULA- 

Mi, 

tion 

Sii.  Mi. 

HON 

Afgliauistan 

2.')0,t)D0 

4,800,000 

Mancliuria 

3()3,(ilO 

10,000,000 

Arabia 

107,. -300 

1,050,000 

Mongolia 

1,3()7,000 

2,000,000 

Ceyloii 

2.7,:3:32 

3,578,300 

Per.sia 

(128,000 

0,500,000 

Chinese  Empire 

4,277,170 

433,553,000 

Siam 

105,000 

0,080,840 

Erench  Iiulo-China 

2.511,000 

18,230,000 

Siberia 

4,78(3,730 

(1,893,000 

Inilia 

1,0',)7.!H10 

232,072,832 

Straits 

Jai)an 

147,05.5 

40,310, 1(10 

Settlements 

1,400 

572,249 

Korea 

71,000 

10,000,000 

Turkey  in  Asia 

003,010 

17,083,.500 

Africa 


Area  in 

Popula- 

Area in 

Popula- 

So. Mi. 

tion 

Sy.  Mi. 

tion 

Abyssinia 

200,000 

10,000,000 

Liberia 

40,000 

2,000,000 

Algeria 

343,500 

5,231,850 

Madagascar 

22(5,015 

2,70l',000 

British  Central 

Morocco 

219,000 

5,000.000 

and  South  Africa 

041, .370 

0,.524,100 

Nigeria 

500,000 

20,000,000 

British  East  Africa 

317,080 

7,338.000 

Portuguese 

Congo  State 

000,054 

15,000,000 

East  Africa 

293,400 

3,120,000 

Egypt 

400,000 

11,190,000 

Portuguese 

French  Congo 

000,280 

5.000,000 

We.st  Africa 

484,000 

4,119,000 

(lernian  East  Africa  384,000 

7,000,000 

Sahara 

1,544,000 

800,000 

German 

Sierra  Leone 

4,000 

77,000 

Southwest  Africa 

322,4.50 

225.000 

Sudan 

2, .500,000 

(30,000,000 

Australia  and  Islands 


Area  in 

POPIIT.A- 

Area  in 

Popula- 

Sy. Ml. 

TION 

Sy.  Mi. 

tion 

Australi.a 

2,974,.581 

4,197.037 

Hawaiian  Islands 

0,449 

1.54,001 

East  Indies 

788.000 

45,000,000 

New  Zealand 

104.751 

1,021,000 

Fiji  Islands 

7,435 

128,400 

Philippine  Islands 

127,853 

7,035,420 

188 


APPENDIX 


189 


Cities 


Adelaide,  Australia 

POPFL.V- 

TIUN 

178,300 

Aden,  Arabia 

45,000 

Adis  Abeba,  Abyssinia 

33,000 

Aleppo,  Syria 

200,000 

Alexandria,  Egypt 

332,24(1 

Algiers,  Algeria 

138,240 

Auckland,  New  Zealand 

37,730 

Bagdad,  Turkey 

145,000 

Ballarat,  Australia 

48,007 

Bangkok,  Siam 

507,000 

Batavia,  Java 

138,5.50 

Beirut,  Syria 

118,000 

Benares,  ludia 

209,331 

Bendigo,  Australia 

44,458 

Bombay,  India 

770,000 

Brisbane,  Australia 

1.35,055 

Cairo,  Egypt 

0.54, 470 

Calcutta.  India 

1,020, i)87 

Canton,  China 

S)00,000 

Damascus,  Syria 

250,000 

Durban.  So.  Africa 

08,3.59 

Fuchau,  China 

624,000 

Ilangchau,  China 

350,000 

Ilankau,  China 

778,000 

Hobart,  Tasmania 

24,055 

Hongkong,  Cliina 

418,357 

Irkutsk,  Siberia 

70,000 

Jerusalem,  Palestine 

70,000' 

Johannesburg,  So.  Africa 

Popula- 

tion 

158,580 

Kimberley,  So.  .Africa 

34,331 

Kioto,  -Tapan 

380,568 

Kobe,  Japan 

285,002 

Lucknow,  India 

264,049 

Madras.  India 

509,346 

Mandalay,  India 

183,816 

Mecca,  Arabia 

(50,000 

Melbourne,  Australia 

538,000 

Nagasaki,  Japan 

153,293 

Osaka,  Japan 

995,945 

Peking,  China 

700,000 

Perth,  Australia 

50,527 

Pietermaritzburg,  So.  Africa 

31,200 

Rangoon,  India 

2.34,887 

Seoul,  Korea 

197,000 

Shanghai,  China 

651,000 

Singapore,  Straits  Settlements 

2.30,000 

Smyrna,  Asia  Alinor 

201,000 

Sydney,  Australia 

577,180 

Tabriz,  Persia 

200,000 

Tashkend,  Turkestan 

1.55,673 

Teheran,  Persia 

280,000 

Tientsin,  China 

750,000 

Tokio,  Japan 

1,818,655 

Vladivostok,  Siberia 

38,000 

Wellington,  New  Zealand 

58,563 

Yokohama,  Jaiian 

326,035 

Mt.  Everest,  India 
Kilimanjaro,  Africa 
Kenia,  Africa 


Mountains 


Heioitt  IX 
Feet 
29.003 
19,780 
19,000 


INIt.  Ararat,  Armenia 
Mt.  Fujiyama,  Japan 
IMt.  Ko.sciusko,  Australia 


IlEinilT  iX 
Feet 
17,32.5 
12,305 
7,330 


Rivers 


Length  in 

JI I I.F.S 

Nile,  Africa 

3,(i00 

Ob,  Siberia 

3,200 

Yangtse,  China 

3,200 

Yenisei,  Siberia 

3,000 

Congo,  Africa 

2,900 

Amur,  Asia 

2,800 

Lena,  Siberia 

2,800 

Hoang,  China 
Niger,  Africa 
Brahmapntra,  India 
Indus,  India 
Murray,  Australia 
Zambezi,  Africa 
Ganges,  India 


Length  in 
Miles 

2.700 
2,000 
1,800 
1,800 

1.700 
1,(!00 
1,500 


INDEX  AND  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION 

a,  as  in  fat ; a,  as  in  fate ; a,  as  in  far ; a,  as  in  fall ; e,  as  in  pen  ; e,  as 
in  mete ; e,  as  in  her  ; i,  as  in  pin;  I,  as  in  pine  ; o,  as  in  not;  o,  as  in  note  ; 
o,  as  in  move;  u,  as  in  tub  ; u,  as  in  mute;  u,  as  in  p^ill ; g,  as  in  get;  g,  as 
in  gem ; c,  as  in  cat ; c,  as  in  cent. 

A double  dot  under  a or  o (a,  o)  indicates  that  its  sound  is  shortened  to 
that  of  u in  but. 

Italicized  letters  are  silent.  The  sign  ' tells  upon  which  syllable  the  ac- 
cent is  placed.  The  numbers  refer  to  pages  in  the  book. 


Ab-y.s-sin'-i-a,  108,  130,  137. 
Ad'-e-laule,  107. 

A'-den,  29,  .34. 

A'-dis  Aheba  (a-ba'-ba),  138. 
Af-g/ian-is-tiin',  20,  32,  33. 
Af'-g/tans,  33. 

Af'-ri-ca,  Central,  139. 

Af'-ri-ca,  East,  139,  140,  147. 
Af'-ri-ca,  southern,  150. 

A'-gra,  52. 

Agulhas  (a-go'-lyas),  Cape,  105. 
Ainos  (i'-noz),  85. 

A-lep'-po,  25. 

Al-ex-an'-dri-a,  115. 

Al-ge'-ri-a,  110,  121,  127. 

Al-giers'  (-jerz),  121. 

A-ineer',  33. 

Amur  (ii-mOr')  River,  5. 
An-go'-lii,  159. 

A-ra'-bi-a,  20. 

Ar'abs,  27,  28,  117,  102. 

Ar'-a-rat,  Alt.,  .5. 

Ar-me'-ni-a,  17. 

Ar-ine'-ni-ans,  18,  19. 

Asia  (a'-shia),  1,  3,  4. 

Asia  (a'-shia)  Ali'-nor,  10,  18,  19. 
A-shiin'-ti  (te),  105. 


Assuan  (its-swan'),  112. 
A?(ck'-land,  180. 

A?(s-tra'lia,  20,  105. 

Babylon  (bab'-i-lon),  22. 
Bag-dad',  22. 

Baikal  (bi'-kal),  Lake,  10. 
Bal-?a-rat',  174. 
Bal-u-chis-tan'(o),  44. 
Bang-kok',  81. 

Bar'-ba-ry  States,  117. 
Bar'-rage,  113,  161. 

Bas'-sd-rii,  5. 

Ba-ta'-vi-a,  178. 

Bedouins  (bed'-o-inz),  27,  126. 
Beirut  (ba-rot'),  21. 
Bel'-gi-ans,  141,  142. 

Be-nii'-res  (rez),  52. 
Ben'-di-gd,  172,  174. 

Ben-gal',  Bay  of,  5,  37. 
Ber'-bers,  117. 

Bey  (ba),  122. 

Bis'-krii,  123. 

Bldem'-fon-tdn,  100. 

Boers  (bdr.s),  151,  152,  L55. 
Bd-kha'-rii,  5. 

Bo'-ma,  145. 

190 


INDEX  AND  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  191 


Boin-ba//',  51. 

J?or'-ne-o,  178. 

Brii/i-ma-pu'-tra  (p6)  River,  30. 
Bra/i,'-maii-ism,  9,  39. 

Brit'-ish  South  Af'-ri-ca,  152. 

Buddha  (bo'-da),  9. 
r>uddhism  (bo'-dizm),  9,  62,  90. 
Bulawayo  (bo-la-wii'-yo),  ICO. 

Burma  (ber'ma),  41,  40,  49. 
Bushmen,  153. 

Cfll'-r5,  100,  107,  114. 

Cal-cut'ia,  5,  43,  51. 

Camels,  28,  31,  126,  127,  172. 
Camphor,  95,  180. 

Ca-na'-ry  Islands,  105. 

Can-ton',  78. 

Cape  Colony,  151. 

Cape  to  Cal'-ro  Railroad,  100,  136, 
148,  158. 

Cape  Town,  105,  157,  164. 

Cape  Verde,  135. 

Cape  Verde  Islands,  105. 

Car'-a-vans,  31,  126,  127. 

Castes,  39,  40. 

Qel'-e-bes  (bez),  180. 

Cey-lon',  50. 

Chad,  Lake,  128,  131. 

Cheops  (ke'-ops),  110. 

Chim-pan'-zee,  145. 

Chl-nese'  (nez),  59. 

Clu-nese'  (nez)  Empire,  59. 

Chi-uese'  (nez)  Tur-kes-tan'  (tor),  59. 
Co-lom'-bo,  4. 

Con-fu'-cian-ism  (shan-izm),  9,  62. 
Con-fu'-cius  (shius),  65. 

Con'-go,  Trench,  145,  146. 

Con'-go  River,  139,  140.- 
Con'-go  State,  141. 

Con-go-ese',  140,  142. 

Con-stan-tine'  (ten),  123. 

Co'-pra,  183. 

Cork,  123. 

Cos'-sacks,  11. 


Cotton,  47,  70,  113. 

Cy'-prus  (.si),  25. 

Dahomey  (da-ho'-mi),  105. 

Da-kar',  135. 
l)a-mas'-cus,  21. 

Date  palm,  113,  125,  126 
Dec'-can,  30. 

Del'-hl,  52. 

Del-a-go'-a  Bay,  157. 

Diamonds,  155,  156,  157. 

Dl-an'-a,  18. 

Dun-dee',  53. 

Durban  (der'-ban),  158,  159. 

East  In'-dies  (diz),  177,  178. 

E'-gyi5t,  107. 

E-gyp'-tians  (shans),  109. 

Elephants,  41,  129,  138,  144,  146,  178. 
El  Tash'-er,  138. 

El-burz'  (bijrz)  IMountains,  4. 

E'-mu,  108,  169. 

Eph'-e-sus  (ef),  18. 

Eritrea  (a-re-tra'-a),  138. 
E-thi-o'-pi-a,  137. 

LTi-ca-lyp'-tus  trees,  166. 

Euphrates  (ii-fra'-tez)  River,  17,  22. 
Ev'-er-est,  IMt.,  10. 

Fa-.sh6'-da,  138. 

Tel'-Za-heen',  114. 

Fez,  121. 

Fiji  (fe'-je)  Islands,  183,  184. 
For-mo'-sa,  85,  94. 

Free'-town,  135. 

Fuchau  (fo-chou'),  71. 

Fu-ji-ya'-ma  (fo),  87,  90. 

Gan'-ges  River,  36,  40,  51. 

Ger'-man  East  Af'-ri-ca,  148. 
Ger'-man  Southwest  Af'-ri-ca,  159. 
G/ia-da'-mes,  128. 

Gi-raf/es',  129,  147. 

Gnu,  147. 


192  INDEX  AND  PRONOUXCIXG  VOCABULARY 


Go'-bi,  Desert  of,  80. 

Gold,  155,  109,  172. 

G6-ril'-Za,  146. 

Guam  (gvvam),  1(57. 

Guardafui  (gwar-dii-fwe'),  Cape,  105. 
Guinea  (gin'-i).  Gulf  of,  105. 

rial-nan',  5. 

Hang-chau'  (chou),  74. 
llan-kau'  (kou),  71,  78. 

Har'-bin,  83. 

Ila-wai'-ian  (yan)  Islands,  185. 
Iler-at',  34. 

IIim-a'4a-ya  Mountains,  2,  35,  37. 
llin'-dus  (dos),  37,  38,  39,  40,  41. 
Ilin-du-staid  (do),  35. 
Ilip-po-pot'-a-mus,  144,  140. 

Ilo'-ang  Iviver,  09,  72. 

Ho'-bart,  107. 

Ilodeida  (li6-da'-da),  25. 
llon'-do,  105. 

Ilong'-kong,  83. 

Ilot'-ien-tots,  153. 

In'-di-go,  47,  178. 

In'-do  Chi'-na,  81. 

In'-dus  River,  30. 

Ir-ii-wiid'-i  River,  5,  49. 

Ir-kutsk'  (kiitsk),  15,  10. 

Is-pa-han',  34. 

Ivory,  122,  132,  144. 

Ja-pan',  84. 

.lii'-va,  177. 

Je-ru'-sa-lem  (ro),  24. 

Johannesburg  (yo-lian'-nes-borg), 
162,  155. 

Jute,  48. 

Ka-buV  (bol),  34. 

Kaf'-firs,  153. 

Ka-la-ha'-ri  (re)  Desert,  105. 
Kain-chat'-ka,  5. 

Ka-me-run'  (riin),  146. 

Ka-me-ruu'  (riin)  Mountains,  105. 


Kan-ga-roo',  108. 

Ka-no',  128,  131. 

Kar'-nak,  110. 

Kau'-ri  (kou)  p)ine,  177. 

Kii-war',  128. 

Kenia  (ka'-ne-a)  Mt.,  105. 

K7i.ar-tuni'  (tom),  135,  136. 
Khatmandu  (kat-man-do'),  42. 
Khedive  (ka'-dev'),  111. 

K7ie-lat',  4. 

Khi'-va  (ke),  5. 

Khy'-ber  (ki)  Pass,  34. 

Kiaucliau  (ke-ou'-chou')  64. 
Kil-i-man-ja'-ro  (e),  Mt.,  105. 
Kim'-ber-ley  (li),  155,  156. 

Ki-o'-to  (ke),  97. 

Kirghiz  (kir-gez')  Steppes,  14. 
Kiushiu  (kyo-shyo'),  6. 

Ko'-be,  5,  97. 

Ko-re'-a,  5,  95,  96. 

Kuka  (ko'-kii),  132. 

Kurds  (kords),  18. 

Lac'-quer  (ker),  91. 

La-drone'  Islands,  107. 

La'-gos,  135. 

La'-ma,  80. 

Liis'-sa,  79. 

Le'-na  River,  6. 

Le'-o-pold-viHe,  145. 

Li-be'-ri-a,  133,  134. 

Lib'-yan  Desert,  128. 

Lo-an'-dii,  105. 

Loango  (lo-aug'-go),  149. 

Lo'-ess,  69. 

Louren^o  Marques  (lo-ran'-so  mar'- 
kes),  157. 

Loyalty  (loi'-al-ti)  Islands,  184. 
Lucknow  (luk'-nou),  4. 

Mad-a-gas'-car,  159. 

Mit-def'-ra  Islands,  106. 

Ma-dras',  53. 

Ma-lac'-ca,  Strait  of,  5,  82. 


INDEX  AND  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  193 


Ma-lay'  States,  82. 

Man-cliu'-ri-.;i  (cho),  13,  59,  80,  81. 
Man-chu'  (cho)  Tar'-tars,  62. 
Man'-cla-la?/,  50,  53. 

Ma'-o-ris  (riz),  175,  176. 
Mar-su'-pi-als  (so),  168. 

JIas-kat',  i. 

Ma-ta'-di,  145. 

Mec'-ca,  21. 
l\Ie-di'-na  (de),  25. 

Mes-o-po-tii'-nii-a,  17,  22,  2.3. 
Mel'-bounie  (hern),  169,  174. 
Mi-kii'-do,  93. 

M6'-c/<a,  25,  1-38. 

]\rog-a-dor',  122. 

Mo-ham'-med,  25. 

Mo-ham'-med-ans,  21,  39. 

Mo-luc'-ca  Islands,  180. 

Mom-ha'-sa,  149. 

Mon-go'-li-a,  .59,  80. 

Mongols  (mong'-golz),  52. 
Mon-ro'-vi-a  (mun),  133. 

^lon-soon.s',  6,  36,  37. 
floors,  117. 

Mo-roc'-c6,  116,  118,  119,  120,  127. 
Mosque  (mosk)  of  O'-mar,  25. 
Mo-zam-bique'  (bek),  159. 
]\Ium'-mies,  111. 

Muk-den'  (inok),  83. 

Nii-ga-sa'-ki  (ke),  93,  94. 

Nai-ro'-bi  (be),  138,  149. 

Nan-king',  62. 

Na-tal',  152,  1.58. 

New  Cal-e-do'-ni-a,  184. 

New  Guinea  (gin'-i),  179,  180. 

New  Heb'-ri-des  (dez),  167. 

New  Zea'-land,  174. 

Ni-ge'-ri-a,  131. 

Ni'-ger  Eiver,  1.31. 

Nile  Kiver,  107,  108,  109. 

Nin'-e-veft,  22. 

Nu'-bi-a  (no),  134,  135. 

Ny-an'-za,  Lake  Albert,  105. 


O'-a-ses,  125. 

Ob'-e-lisks,  110,  111. 

O-k/iotsk',  Sea  of,  5. 

O'-man,  29. 

Oin-dur-inan',  136. 

Opium,  48,  49,  72,  73. 

O-ran',  123. 

O-rang'-oM-tang',  178. 

Orange  Kiver  Colony,  152. 
O-sa'-ka,  93,  97. 

Ostriches,  122,  132,  154. 

Pii'-go  Pa'-go,  185. 

Pal'-es-tinc,  23,  24. 

Pap'-u-ans,  180. 

Pearl  fishing,  20,  32,  174. 

Pechili  (pe-che-le').  Gulf  of,  69. 
Pe-king',  65,  66,  74,  76,  77,  78. 
Pepper,  82.  83. 

Per'-sia  (sha),  26,  20,  30. 
Per'-sian  (slian)  Gulf,  20,  .30. 
Per'-sians  (shans),  29. 

I’erth,  174. 

Phil'-ip-pine  Islands,  167. 

Pie-ter  niar'-itz-burg  (borg),  159. 
Pol-y-ne'-sians,  182. 

Port  Arthur,  15,  64,  87,  97. 

Port  Elizabeth,  105. 

Port  Florence,  105. 

Port  Said  (sa-ed'),  115. 
Pre-to'-ri-a,  160. 

Pj’’gmies  (pig'-miz),  143. 
Pyr'-a-mids,  109,  110. 

Qui'-nine,  178. 

Ka'-ja/is,  82. 

Ran-goon'.  53. 

Red  Sea,  105. 

R/ii-nog'-e-ros,  129,  146,  178. 
Rhodesia  (rod'-zia),  105. 

Rice,  46,  71,  91,  113. 

Rio  de  Oro  (re'-o  da  o'-ro),  105. 
Rubber,  144,  145,  159. 


194  INDEX  AND  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


Kubies,  49. 

Ruwenzori  (ro-wen-zo'-re),  Mt.,  105. 

Sa-hii'-ra,  123,  124,  125,  12(i,  127. 
Sal-gon',  5,  84. 

Sakhalin  (sa-ka-lyen'),  12,  95. 
Salisbury  (salz'-bu-ri),  160. 

Sa-ino'-a  Islands,  184,  185. 

Scutari  (skii'-ta-re),  23. 

Sen-e-gal'  River,  131. 

Shii/i,  30. 

Shang-hrtI',  08,  09,  78. 

Shan-tung'  (tOng),  72. 

Sheiks,  27. 

Shikoku  (slie-ko'-kii),  5. 

Shin'-to-isui,  90. 

Si-am',  81. 

Sl-be'-ri-a,  10. 

Sierra  Leone  (se-er'-ra  la-6'-ne),  134. 
Silk,  70,  91. 

Sin-ga-pore',  82. 

Smyrna  (smer'-na),  20,  21. 

So-ko'-t,o,  128,  131. 

So-ma'-li-land  (le),  105,  138. 
Sd-ma'-lis  (les),  138. 

South  Af'-ri-ca,  150,  153. 

Straits  Settlements,  82. 

Stanley  Pool,  145. 

Su-dan'  (so),  129,  1.30,  131,  132. 
Su-ez'  (so),  105. 

Su-ez'  (so)  Canal,  115. 

Su-ma'-tra  (so),  179. 

Sydney  (sid'-ni),  172,  173,  174. 
Syr'-i-a  (sir),  17. 

Ta-briz'  (brez),  32. 

Taj  Mahal  (tazh  Ma-hal'),  52,  53. 
Ta-na-na  ri'-v6  (re),  105. 

Tan-gier'  (jer),  120. 

Tiin-giin-yi'-ka  (ye),  Lake,  105. 
Tii'-o-isni,  02. 

Tar'tars  (tarz),  11,  14,  01.  02. 
Tash-kend',  16. 

Tas-iiia'-ni-a,  109,  173. 


Taudeni  (tou-da'-ne),  128. 

Tea,  50,  71,  91. 

Te-heriin',  30,  32. 

Thebes,  110. 

Tib'-et,  59,  79. 

Tientsin  (te-en'-tsen),  74,  78. 

Ti'-gris  River,  17,  22. 

Tim-buk'-tii  (to),  128,  132. 

Tin,  82,  173. 

Tomsk,  l(i. 

To'-ki-o  (ke),  93. 

Trans-vaed'  Colony,  1-52. 

Trip'-o-li,  110,  122,  127. 

Tiin'-dra,  10. 

Tu'-nis,  no,  122,  123. 

Tur-ke.s-tiin',  14,  80. 

Turkey  in  Asia,  16. 

Turks,  18,  19. 

Tutuila  (Ui-to-el'-a),  107. 

U-gan'-da  (ii),  146,  148. 

Union  of  South  Africa,  153. 

Veldt,  154. 

A'i^e'-roy,  43. 

Vic-to'-ri-a,  83. 

Vic-to'-ri-a  Palls,  158. 

Vic-to'-ri-a  Ny-an'-za,  Lake,  105, 
115,  149. 

Vlad-i-vos-tok'  (e),  14,  15,  87. 

Wal'-fisch  (wol)  Bay,  159. 

Weihaiwei  (wa-hi-wa),  04. 

Wei '-ling-ton,  176. 

Wilde'-beest,  147. 

Yaks,  79,  80. 

Tang'-tse  River,  58,  69,  71. 

Yenisei  (yen-e-sa'-e)  River,  6. 

Yez'-o,  85. 

Yo-ko-ha'-ma,  80. 

Zam-be'-zi  River,  158. 

Zan'-zi-bar,  149. 

Ze'-bras,  129,  147. 

Zulus  (zo'-los),  153,  163. 


Date  Due 

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L.  B.  Cat.  No.  1137 

C.C. 

W779^  V.5  39135 




Q - : 7 

B779(j  v.5  39135 


